Psych 2301 Exam 3

need or desire that energizes and
directs behavior

humans are motivated by our instincts (especially survival instinct) BUT instincts only explain a fraction of our behaviors!

physiological needs create
a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the
need and restore homeostasis

aroused/tense state related to a physical need
(e.g., hunger, thirst) that motivates us to act

need (e.g for water, food) ---> hunger (drive, thirst) ---> drive reduction behaviors (behaviors eating, drinking) ---> homeostasis

doing
something for your own sake

doing something to earn a reward

Intrinsic -- For YOU Extrinsic -- for a reward

physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization (bottom to top)

food, water, sleep, and freak

a safe and secure environment

obtaining and giving affection

need to develop sense of self-worth

state of self-fulfillment

desire for significant
accomplishment

Grit

-need to build
relationships and be part of a group
-May have evolutionary basis

relentless pursuit of
thinness through
starvation

an
eating disorder in
which the individual
consistently follows a
binge-and-purge
pattern

- chemical inbalance in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland
- genetics
- societal pressure to be slim

Stomach contractions (e.g., hunger pangs)
Glucose
Appetite hormones
Hypothalamus

also: society (e.g. ads showing delicious food and asking: you want some)

hypothalamus

physiological response occurs first and
is the cause of emotions

emotional and physical response occur
simultaneously

experience of emotion
depends on 2 factors – general arousal and cognitive label

– 2 – 8 weeks
– Has a brain
– Heart begins to beat
– Other organs form and
begin to function

– 8 weeks to birth
– Recognizably human
– End of 6th month:
– Organ systems immature but
functioning well enough to survive if
born prematurely (age of viability)
– Responsive to sound

harmful agents to
fetus
– Examples = chemicals, viruses, alcohol, drugs, certain medications, tobacco

rooting - corner of mouth is touched/stroked, baby turns head toward stroke
sucking - when the roof of the mouth is touched, baby begins sucking
grasping - when hand is stroked, baby balls hand into a fist to grasp
startle - in response to loud noise, baby turns its head, extends limbs, cries
babinski - when sole of the foot is stroked, baby's foot moves

- birth-2 yrs
- Children understand the world through sensation and movement.
- lack object permanence—the awareness thatobjects continue to exist even when not perceived.

- 2-7 yrs
- Stage during which a child learns to use
language and engages in pretend play
- Kids in this stage are egocentric
- Do not understand conservation

- Stage characterized by logical thought
and loss of egocentrism
- Grasp conservation

- 12 yrs-adulthood
- Teenagers can think logically about abstract concepts.
- Development of logical and abstract thinking

children use caregiver as secure
base to explore environment

children avoid caregiver

children are anxious before separation
but ambivalent upon return

children show
inconsistent and contradictory behavior

Rigid, punitive, strict standards

Lax, inconsistent, undemanding

Firm, sets limits and goals, uses reasoning, encourages
independence

Detached emotionally, sees role only as providing food,
clothing, and shelter

a set of
expected
behaviors,
attitudes, and
traits for males
or for females

our sense of
being male,
female, some
combination of
the two, or
neither (gender
neutral)

direction of
sexual
attraction

frontal lobe is underdeveloped, Teens crave social acceptance but often feel socially
disconnecte, Sensation seeking peaks

As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world

12-20 years. adolescents develop a coherent sense of self and their role in society or they face identityole confusion. 5 is a confusing skydive

20-30 years. young adults form intimate connections with others, if not, they may experience feelings of isolation. 6 is sticks who are intimate

30-65 years. middle-aged develop concern for establishing guiding and influencing the next generation; if not, they face stagnation (lifelessness).

65+ years. older people enter a period of reflection and life review. 8 is a plate with grits and dispair

Physical abilities –
muscular strength,
reaction time, sensory
keenness, cardiac output
– all begin to decline in
mid-20s

Mental:
Compared with teens, older people take a bit
more time to:
– React
– Solve puzzles
– Remember names

two aspects dominate adulthood
– Intimacy (20s to early 40s)
• Forming close relationships (e.g., marriage,
children)
– Generativity (40s to 60s)
• Being productive and supporting future
generations (e.g., work, child-rearing)

For many people this a
stressful stage of life.

Everything declines!
– Vision, distance perception, smell,
hearing, reaction time, muscle
strength, stamina, immune system
– Neural processing slows

unconscious – strives to satisfy sexual and
aggressive drives
Operates on pleasure principle – immediate gratification

moral compass
 Operates on morality principle – right vs wrong

mediator between id and superego
Operates on reality principle – realistically mediates the 2

Unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed out of awareness and back
into the unconscious.

People behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development

The expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more
threatening powerful person to a weaker one.

People provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening,
reason for their behavior

People refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of
information.

People attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else.

People divert unwanted impulses into social approved thoughts, feelings, or
behaviors.

Unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness.

are used to cope with anxieties

Pros: Comprehensive Framework, Emphasis on Unconscious Processes, Therapeutic Techniques, Influence on Other Theories
Cons: Lack of Empirical Evidence, Overemphasis on Sexual Drive, Pessimistic View of Human Nature, Cultural and Gender Bias

Genuineness
Acceptance (unconditional positive regard)
Empathy

If you receive unconditional positive regard from others, you will develop a more realistic self-concept and ultimately can reach self-actualization.

if the response from others is conditional, it may lead to anxiety and frustration.

Emphasizes human potential – positive
motivation, progress toward higher levels of
functioning, potential for growth and change,
personal responsibility

Assessing self: use questionnaires or
interviews to evaluate test-taker’s self-
concept

Real vs. ideal self

Pros: Pervasive influence, Renewed interest in the self, Humanistic therapy

Cons: Focus on individualism, may promote selfishness, Ignores negative aspects of human nature

A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality.

Conscientiousness - highly organized with great attention to detail, goal-oriented and driven to succeed
Agreeableness- People high in agreeableness are cooperative, empathetic and caring. They enjoy helping and being part of a group.
Neuroticism - mood swings and are often irritable. They worry about many things and get upset and anxious easily.
Openness- People high in openness are creative and adventurous. They enjoy trying new things and taking on new challenges.
Extroversion- outgoing and gain energy from being with others. They like to meet new people, start conversations and have a wide variety of friendships.

Pros: Identified stable traits that are consistent across cultures and predict other personal attributes, Can predict success in work and relationships
Cons: Ignores contribution of situation

Behavior is influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

Best means of predicting future behavior is past
behavior in similar situations (e.g., assessment
center)