Psych 2301 Exam 2

Pavlov

It is a relative change in behavior due to experience or practice. Its considered permanent because it causes physical changes in the brain.

original naturally occurring stimulus. unlearned

unlearned reflex response

paired with the unconditioned stimulus to bring a reflex or response

the response to a conditioned stimulus that brings the same reflex as the unconditioned response

something the person or thing has no response to before conditioning

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

The type of learning that deals with voluntary behavior. what happens after response. voluntary behavior learned through consequences.

Addition of a pleasurable stimulus

removes something unpleasant to increase a behavior

Introduces as irritant to decreases a behavior

the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

reinforcing every time a behavior is performed

-fixed ratio
-variable ratio
-fixed interval
-variable interval

reinforce every so many

reinforce after an unpredictable number

-reinforce after unpredictable time interval

based on responses or
behavior

based on time

Classical conditioning involves learning through associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior.

Bandura

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior.

encoding, storage, retrieval

is the process of getting information into memory.

The retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory

The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

Memory of auditory information coming from the ears

Memory of information from our visual system

Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer.

short term

Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it might be difficult to retrieve

The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant

are relatively permanent and is usually learned in school or by reading. awareness of meanings of words, concepts and terms.

your own memories that are usually meaningful

memory for skills

repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

grouping and organizing information together

techniques for improving memory

the process of getting information out of memoryemembering a memory

a memory measure where information must be retrieved from previously learned information,

occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he has been exposed to it previously or is asked to identify it form a list of alternatives

the info at beginning and end of list is easier to remember than info in middle of list

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

helps keeps unwanted info from interfering with retrieving info that is wanted also permits us to form general impressions and recollections

why we forget

-loss of memories from a specific point in time forward
-inability to make new memories

-loss of memory from a specific point in time backwards
-relatively uncommon

ideas that represent categories of objects, events, or activities. a way we organize the world

Formal-defined by specific rules and features

form as result of real world experiences

closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept.

educated guess based on experience. availability, representative, means and analysis.

An algorithm guarantees a solution; a heuristic does not.

An algorithm is a rule that guarantees a solution

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of the problem's solution.

use only past solving patterns

think of object only by its normal function

system for combining symbols to communicate and to represent mental activity

a basic unit of sound; roughly corresponds to single letters of the alphabet.

smallest unit of language that carries meaning;
UN DESIRE ABLE S

to signify meaning;
the relationship between words and things;
interpreting sentences, paragraphs, etc.

rules for word order for arranging words into sentences and phrases

6-8 months = babbling
10-12 months = single sentences
1-3 years = full on sentences, plurals (adding "s" to make a plural)

language is acquired through reinforcement and
conditioning.

humans are born with an innate linguistic capability that emerges primarily as a function of maturation; , humans are genetically prewired to
learn language at certain periods in their lives and in a particular way

intelligence has two components: general intelligence ("g") and specific ability ("s").

intelligence is not. single concept but is composed of a minimum of eight difference intelligences, each relatively independent of the others?

stresses that practical intelligence leads to better career success than traditional intelligence?

The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies learned through experience and that can be applied in problem-solving situation

the ability to understand others and to act wisely in social situations

the specific type of intelligence that reflects a person's information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory

intelligence test that can be administered to children or adults because the questions vary depending on the test taker's age

mental

Explains language development with principles of
association, imitation, reinforcement

the consistency of the findings or results of a psychology research study

The degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure

Timing: prenatal, perinatal, postnatal
- Biomedical causes: e.g., chromosomal disorder such as Down syndrome
- Social, behavioral, and educational causes: poverty and multiple challenges associated with it, low maternal education, mothers of children affected by fetal alcohol syndrome

Significantly sub average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period that adversely affects a child's educational performance
limitations in intellectual functioning

factors such as continuous poverty leading t malnutrition or genetic defects may be responsible for which type of intellectual disability

the intellectually gifted are defined as those with IQ scores

attempts to avoid discriminating against minority groups by assessing experiences common to all cultures or asking questions that don't require language usage

Genetically determined
Behaviour predisposed by DNA and genetics

Behaviour acquired through early experiences or early influences from environment
Result of learning and how you are brought up