1What are mutations?
Changes in DNA base sequence.
2What are the two main types of mutations?
Substitution and deletion.
3What happens in substitution mutation?
One base is swapped for another.
4What happens in deletion mutation?
A base is removed.
5How do mutations affect amino acid order?
They can alter the sequence.
6What determines the order of amino acids?
The DNA base sequence.
7What is the result of a substitution mutation that doesn’t change amino acids?
Silent mutation.
8What happens when a base deletion shifts the reading frame?
Frameshift mutation.
9What are mutagenic agents?
Factors increasing mutation rate.
10Give examples of mutagenic agents.
Radiation and some chemicals.
11What can ultraviolet radiation cause?
DNA mutations.
12What type of mutation is caused by misread DNA replication?
Spontaneous mutation.
13What does degeneracy in the genetic code mean?
Some amino acids have multiple codons.
14What is the role of tRNA in translation?
Matches codons to amino acids.
15What is the outcome of a frameshift mutation?
Changes all downstream amino acids.
16What can ionising radiation damage?
DNA structure.
17What protein change occurs if tyrosine codon TAT mutates to TTT?
Tyrosine becomes phenylalanine.
18What protein change occurs if tyrosine codon TAT mutates to TATG?
Frameshift mutation occurs.
19What is the original DNA for tyrosine?
TAT or TAC.
20What amino acid does AGT code for?
Serine.
21What happens if AGT mutates to AGG?
Codes for arginine.
22What amino acid does deletion of G from AGG create?
Frameshift mutation.
23What does a mutated protein depend on?
The sequence of amino acids.
24What can substitution mutation lead to?
Same or altered protein.
25What can deletion mutation cause?
Frameshift altering the sequence.
26What increases mutation rates apart from replication errors?
Mutagenic agents.