Mutations
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1
What are mutations?
Changes in DNA base sequence.
2
What are the two main types of mutations?
Substitution and deletion.
3
What happens in substitution mutation?
One base is swapped for another.
4
What happens in deletion mutation?
A base is removed.
5
How do mutations affect amino acid order?
They can alter the sequence.
6
What determines the order of amino acids?
The DNA base sequence.
7
What is the result of a substitution mutation that doesn’t change amino acids?
Silent mutation.
8
What happens when a base deletion shifts the reading frame?
Frameshift mutation.
9
What are mutagenic agents?
Factors increasing mutation rate.
10
Give examples of mutagenic agents.
Radiation and some chemicals.
11
What can ultraviolet radiation cause?
DNA mutations.
12
What type of mutation is caused by misread DNA replication?
Spontaneous mutation.
13
What does degeneracy in the genetic code mean?
Some amino acids have multiple codons.
14
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
Matches codons to amino acids.
15
What is the outcome of a frameshift mutation?
Changes all downstream amino acids.
16
What can ionising radiation damage?
DNA structure.
17
What protein change occurs if tyrosine codon TAT mutates to TTT?
Tyrosine becomes phenylalanine.
18
What protein change occurs if tyrosine codon TAT mutates to TATG?
Frameshift mutation occurs.
19
What is the original DNA for tyrosine?
TAT or TAC.
20
What amino acid does AGT code for?
Serine.
21
What happens if AGT mutates to AGG?
Codes for arginine.
22
What amino acid does deletion of G from AGG create?
Frameshift mutation.
23
What does a mutated protein depend on?
The sequence of amino acids.
24
What can substitution mutation lead to?
Same or altered protein.
25
What can deletion mutation cause?
Frameshift altering the sequence.
26
What increases mutation rates apart from replication errors?
Mutagenic agents.
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