1What are risk factors?
Factors increasing disease likelihood
2What is a correlation?
Link between two variables
3Can correlation prove causation?
No
4What is an example of a lung disease risk factor?
Smoking
5What does the left graph on smoking show?
Adult male smoking rates from 1900–2012
6What does the right graph on lung cancer show?
Male lung cancer mortality rates, 1900–2012
7What happened to male smoking rates over time?
They decreased
8What happened to male lung cancer mortality rates over time?
They decreased
9What can the smoking and lung cancer data suggest?
Smoking may link to lung cancer
10Why can’t the data prove causation?
Other factors may explain the trend
11What other explanations may exist for lung cancer decline?
Improved treatments or survival rates
12What did medical studies in the 1950s show?
Link between smoking and lung cancer
13What action followed 1950s medical studies?
Smoking health warnings and ads bans
14What was banned in the UK in 1971?
Tobacco ads on TV
15What is shown in the air pollution data?
Asthma cases and sulfur dioxide levels
16What happened to asthma cases between 1996–2000?
Increased from 67 to 100 per 100,000
17What happened to sulfur dioxide levels between 1996–2000?
Decreased by 2 million tons
18What can be concluded from the asthma and pollution data?
Asthma cases rose despite less pollution
19What other factors may affect asthma?
Allergens, smoking, genetics
20What did the EU limit in 2020?
Air pollutants from vehicle emissions
21What does the December 1952 graph show?
Deaths linked to air pollution in London
22What caused London deaths in December 1952?
Sulfur dioxide and smoke
23What does the sulfur dioxide graph suggest?
Pollution linked to increased deaths