1Terminology for proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the equilibrium point
Enzymes
2Identify the characteristic of enzymes regarding their consumption in a reaction
not consumed or altered
3Specify the enzyme class that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions
Oxidoreductases
4List two examples of oxidoreductase enzymes
lactate dehydrogenase and G6PD
5Specify the enzyme class that catalyzes the transfer of a group other than hydrogen
Transferases
6List four examples of transferase enzymes
aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatine kinase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase
7Specify the enzyme class that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ether and ester bonds
Hydrolases
8List four examples of hydrolase enzymes
alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, amylase, and cholinesterase
9Specify the enzyme class that catalyzes the removal of groups without hydrolysis
Lyases
10Specify the enzyme class that catalyzes the interconversion of geometric or optical isomers
Isomerases
11Specify the enzyme class that catalyzes the joining of two substrate molecules
Ligases
12Describe the relationship of reaction rate to substrate concentration in First order kinetics
directly proportional
13Define the point at which the reaction rate no longer responds to increased substrate concentration
Zero order
14State the formula for the catalytic mechanism
E + S = ES = E + P
15Identify the constant that expresses the relationship between reaction velocity and substrate concentration
Michaelis-Menten constant (Km)
16Define the plot that expresses Km as a straight line where Vmax is the reciprocal of the y-intercept
Lineweaver-Burk plot
17In a Lineweaver-Burk plot, identify what the negative reciprocal of the x-intercept represents
Km
18Identify the measurement type performed after a reaction proceeds for a designated length of time and is stopped
Endpoint
19Identify the measurement type involving multiple measurements of absorbance change at specific time intervals
Kinetic
20Identify the enzyme classification of GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase)
Transferases (Group 2)
21Enumerate the major enzyme groups and their characteristic endings or examples
Oxidoreductase (dehydrogenases, oxidases); Transferase (kinases, transaminases); Hydrolases (amylase, ACP, ALP, lipase); Lyases (decarboxylases, aldolase); Isomerase (isomerases); Ligase (synthetases)
22Identify the chemical action of Oxidoreductases
Redox - Dehydrogenase
23Identify the chemical action of Transferases
Transfer of group, except water, from one substrate to another
24Identify the chemical action of Hydrolases
Breakage of bond with hydrolysis (addition of water)
25Enumerate the specific types of Hydrolase enzymes
Esterases (Cholinesterase, ACP, Lipase, ALP); Peptidases (Pepsin, trypsin, LAP); Glycosidases (Amylase, galactosidases)
26Identify the chemical action of Lyases
Removal of groups without water
27Identify the chemical action of Isomerases
Intermolecular arrangement
28Identify the chemical action of Ligases
Joining of 2 substrates
29Identify the physiological effect of high concentrations of Hgb and Bilirubin on ACP determination
False decrease (interference)
30Enumerate the conditions associated with an LD-flipped pattern (LD1 > LD2)
MI, Megaloblastic anemia, Hemolysis, Hemolytic Disorders, Renal Infarction, Renal carcinoma
31Identify the most specific substrate for ACP (Acid Phosphatase)
Thymolphthalein monophosphate
32Identify the reference method for ACP
Thymolphthalein monophosphate
33Enumerate the conditions characterized by a pronounced elevation of AST (5 or more times normal)
MI, Acute pancreatitis / pancreatic insufficiency, Acute hepatitis, Circulatory collapse (shock), Infectious mononucleosis
34Enumerate the conditions characterized by a moderate elevation of AST (3 to 5 times normal)
Biliary tract obstruction (Cholelithiasis), Cardiac arrhythmias, Congestive heart failure, Metastatic or primary tumor in liver, Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne)
35Enumerate the conditions characterized by a slight elevation of AST (up to 3 times normal)
Pericarditis, Cirrhosis, Pulmonary infarction, Delirium tremens, Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
36Enumerate all conditions where ALP is increased five-fold (5x), following the BOBOH acronym
Biliary Duct Obstruction, Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease), Biliary cirrhosis, Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic sarcoma), Hyperparathyroidism
37Identify the specific salivary gland enzyme also known as Ptyalin
Amylase
38Enumerate the major tissue sources and the size characteristic of serum Amylase
ACINAR cells of the PANCREAS and SALIVARY glands; SMALLEST enzyme
39Identify the primary and secondary digestion sites for Amylase
Primary: mouth (ptyalin); Secondary: small intestine (amylopsin)
40Enumerate the conditions where total LDH is markedly increased to its highest levels
Megaloblastic anemia and Pernicious anemia
41Identify the only enzyme significant for being measured in decreased amounts
Pseudocholinesterase
42Enumerate all conditions where Pseudocholinesterase is decreased
Hepatic Disease, Organophosphate poisoning (insecticide/pesticide), Genetic variants, Suxamethonium sensitivity (anesthesia)
43Liver specific enzymes include
ALT and AST
44Enzyme localized in the pancreas and salivary gland
Amylase
45Pancreas specific enzyme
Lipase
46Enzymes found in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscles
AST
47Enzymes found in the heart, skeletal muscles, and brain
CK
48Enzymes found in the liver, bone, and kidney
ALP
49The total LDH is known for low specificity and is found in
all tissues
50Wacker and Wroblewski and are methods associated with
LDH
51LD isoenzyme found in the lung, spleen, pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal lymph nodes
LD3
52LD isoenzymes associated with liver and skeletal muscles
LD4 and LD5
53The most labile LD isoenzymes are
LD5 and LD4
54Specific name for LD6
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
55The endpoint method for ALT and AST is
Reitman-Frankel
56The kinetic method for ALT and AST is
Karmen
57The common products of Reitman-Frankel and Karmen methods are
oxaloacetate and pyruvate
58Saccharogenic, Amyloclastic (starch), Colorimetric, and Coupled enzymatic are methods for
Amylase
59Amylase is defined as the function of a reduced
sugar or alcohol
60The first enzyme to increase in Myocardial Infarction (MI)
CK-MB
61The first protein to increase in Myocardial Infarction (MI)
MYOGLOBIN
62The most specific marker for Myocardial Infarction (MI)
TROPONIN
63The last enzyme to increase in Myocardial Infarction (MI)
LDH
64CK-MB rise time, peak time, and normalization time
increase 4-8 hours, peak 12-24hrs, normalizes 48-72hrs
65Condition associated with Hyperkalemia, Dehydration, Intravascular hemolysis (DIHA), Hypoaldosteronism, and Acidosis
Cardiac Arrhythmia
66Organs/cells that act as producers of Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
Prostate gland, erythrocytes, platelets, spleen, liver, kidney, bones (PEPSLK-B)
67Level of ACP in Gaucher’s disease
Increased
68Specific enzyme deficiency in Gaucher's disease
glucocerosidase deficiency
69Level of ACP in Thrombocytopenia and ITP
Increased (due to platelet destruction)
70Bilirubin derived from non-defective and immature RBCs or hepatic cytochromes
Shunt Bili
71Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) method 1
Berger Brada
72Forward or direct LD method involving pH 8.8 at 340 nm
Wacker Method
73The Wacker method measures the amount of
hydrogen ion formed
74Backward, indirect, or reverse LD method involving pH 7.2 at 340 nm
Wroblewski LaDue
75The Wroblewski LaDue method measures the amount of
NAD formed
76Compare the speed of Wacker and Wroblewski LaDue
Wroblewski LaDue is 2x more rapid
77Reaction formula for Wacker method
Lactate + NAD+ → Pyruvate + NADH + H+
78Reaction formula for Wroblewski LaDue method
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → Lactate + NAD+
79Direct CK method involving pH 9.0 at 340 nm
Tanzer-Gilvarg
80Backward, indirect, or reverse CK method involving pH 6.8
Oliver Rosalki
81The most common and more rapid (2X) method for CK
Oliver Rosalki
82Biochemical marker formula used to identify the cause of liver damage
De Ritis Ratio (AST / ALT)
83Half-life of AST in the blood
18 hours
84Half-life of ALT in the blood
36 hours
85A De Ritis ratio of > 2.0, especially > 3.0, is highly suggestive of
alcoholic liver disease
86A De Ritis ratio of < 1.0 is typically seen in
acute viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
87In non-alcoholic liver disease, a De Ritis ratio of > 1.0 may indicate a more advanced stage such as
cirrhosis
88Clinical significance of Acid phosphatase (ACP)
Prostatic carcinoma
89Clinical significance of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Hepatic disorder
90Clinical significance of Aldolase (ALD)
Skeletal muscle disorder
91Clinical significance of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Hepatic disorder and Bone disorder
92Clinical significance of Amylase (AMY)
Acute pancreatitis
93Clinical significance of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Blood pressure regulation
94Clinical significance of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Myocardial infarction, Hepatic disorder, and Skeletal muscle disorder
95Clinical significance of Chymotrypsin (CHY)
Chronic pancreatitis insufficiency
96Clinical significance of Creatine kinase (CK)
Myocardial infarction and Skeletal muscle disorder
97Clinical significance of Elastase-1 (E1)
Chronic pancreatitis insufficiency
98Clinical significance of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
99Clinical significance of Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD)
Hepatic disorder
100Clinical significance of γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Hepatic disorder
101Clinical significance of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)
Hepatic disorder
102Clinical significance of Glycogen phosphorylase (GP)
Acute myocardial infarction
103Clinical significance of Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
Myocardial infarction, Hepatic disorder, and Hemolysis Carcinoma
104Clinical significance of Lipase (LPS)
Acute pancreatitis
105Clinical significance of 5'-Nucleotidase
Hepatic disorder
106Clinical significance of Pyruvate kinase (PK)
Hemolytic anemia
107Clinical significance of Trypsin (TRY)
Acute pancreatitis
108this is the most accepted theory for enzymes
induced fit theory
109amylase measurements include
Saccharogenic- formation of a reduced sugar
Amyloclastic- breakdown of starch
Coupled enzymatic
Ccolorimetric
110most common and ference method for lipase
Cheryy and Crandall