1Nuclear remnants of lymphocytes that have a "thumbprint" appearance and structureless chromatin describe which cells?
Smudge cells
2Identify the condition most commonly associated with a high presence of smudge cells.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
3The netlike chromatin pattern found in nuclear remnants of granulocytic cells characterizes the
Basket cells
4Aside from leukemias, basket cells and smudge cells may be found normally in
Few numbers
5Granulocytic cells exhibiting pyknotic nuclei and an agranular cytoplasm are known as
Necrotic cells
6List two common causes for the presence of necrotic cells in a blood smear.
Prolonged exposure to EDTA and chemotherapy (rarely)
7Neutrophils that have engulfed foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi are termed
Phagocytic cells
8Identify three conditions associated with the observation of phagocytic cells.
Overwhelming septicemia, bacterial and fungal infections, and erythrophagocytosis
9Define the process where a neutrophil engulfs RBCs.
Erythrophagocytosis
10The large cells (20 to 30 um) that line the veins and are considered a venipuncture contaminant are
Endothelial cells
11Describe the shape and nucleus of endothelial cells.
Stretched and ovoid in appearance with a single nucleus, dense chromatin, and no nucleoli
12Where are endothelial cells usually found on a blood smear?
Feather edge
13Endothelial cells found in blood obtained by venipuncture must not be confused with
Clumps of malignant cells
14Nude nuclei that stain dark purple describes which specific fragments?
Megakaryocyte fragments
15Name the three conditions or patient groups where megakaryocyte fragments may be found.
Newborns, aberrant platelet production (myelofibrosis), and essential thrombocythemia
16Cells that vary according to cell maturity and are mentioned in comments rather than the 100 WBC count are the
Nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs)
17Apart from newborns, list three pathological states where NRBCs are observed.
Hemolysis, leukemia, and myeloproliferative disorders
18Identify the deficiency responsible for Niemann-Pick Disease (NPD).
Sphingomyelinase
19Describe the inheritance pattern and the population most commonly affected by Niemann-Pick Disease.
Rare autosomal recessive disease more commonly seen in Ashkenazi Jews
20What are the two major organs that are greatly enlarged in Niemann-Pick Disease?
Spleen and liver
21Name the characteristic cell associated with Niemann-Pick Disease, also known as a foam cell.
Pick's cell
22Identify the catabolic enzyme that is defective or deficient in Gaucher Disease.
Beta-glucocerebrosidase
23Which specific cell in Gaucher Disease is described as a large macrophage with a small eccentric nucleus and cytoplasm distended by glucocerebrosides?
Gaucher cell
24List the five conditions where "Pseudo-Gaucher cells" can be encountered.
Thalassemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and plasma cell neoplasms
25Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by immune dysregulation and the presence of what in the cytoplasm of phagocytes?
Large, abnormal cytoplasmic granules
26In Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, what is the peroxidase reaction for abnormal granules in phagocytes versus lymphocytes?
Phagocytes are Peroxidase (+) and lymphocytes are Peroxidase (-)
27Identify the clinical manifestation in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome caused by abnormal packaging of melanosomes.
Partial albinism
28Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is characterized by a triad of immunodeficiency, eczema, and which platelet-related finding?
Thrombocytopenia
29State the inheritance pattern and the specific cell type that is decreased in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
Rare X-linked recessive disorder; T cells are decreased
30Describe the size and appearance of thrombocytes in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
Small (microthrombocytes) with a low number of dense granules
31Identify the autosomal dominant disorder characterized by gray-blue spindle-shaped inclusions in the cytoplasm of granulocytes and monocytes.
May-Hegglin Anomaly
32List the three hematologic findings associated with May-Hegglin Anomaly.
Leukopenia, variable thrombocytopenia, and giant platelets
33Pelger-Huet Anomaly is characterized by the failure of the neutrophil nucleus to segment, resulting in which specific cell?
Pince-nez or spectacle form of neutrophil nucleus
34Describe the appearance of a "bilobed" versus an "unilobed" nucleus in Pelger-Huet Anomaly.
Bilobed is spectacle-like with nuclei attached by a thin filament; Unilobed is round, ovoid, or peanut shaped
35The Pelger-Huet Anomaly results from a mutation in which specific gene?
Lamin beta-receptor gene
36Contrast the appearance of neutrophil nuclei in Homozygous PHA versus Heterozygous PHA.
Homozygous PHA neutrophils all demonstrate round nuclei; Heterozygous PHA has a mixture of nuclear shapes
37Identify the term for neutrophils that resemble Pelger-Huet cells but are associated with conditions like AML or MDS.
Pseudo-Pelger-Huet Cell
38Hypersegmented neutrophils are defined as having a nucleus with how many lobes?
Greater than or equal to 6 lobes
39Name two primary conditions associated with hypersegmented neutrophils.
Megaloblastic anemias and myelodysplastic syndromes
40Define Myelokathexis as mentioned in the notes for hypersegmented neutrophils.
Rare hereditary condition with impaired release of neutrophils into the blood leading to neutropenia
41Which cell is described as a neutrophil that has ingested the antibody-coated nucleus of another neutrophil?
Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Cell
42Identify the cell characterized as a monocyte that has ingested a whole lymphocyte or an identifiable nuclear chromatin mass.
Tart Cell
43Rieder cells, which are found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, have a nucleus that is described as
Notched, lobulated, and cloverleaf-like
44Give the two alternative names for a Grape cell.
Morula cell or Mott cell
45Describe the characteristic contents found in the cytoplasm of a Grape cell in Multiple Myeloma.
Russell Bodies
46Identify the specific protein often present in the urine of patients with Plasma Cell Myeloma.
Bence Jones Protein
47Using the acronym C-R-A-B for Multiple Myeloma, list the four clinical features it represents.
Hypercalcemia, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, and Bone lesions
48Small lymphocytes with little cytoplasmic projections that are TRAP (+) describe which cells?
Hairy cells
49For Hairy cells, identify the full meaning of the TRAP stain.
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase
50Which specific isoenzyme of acid phosphatase is produced in abundance by Hairy Cells?
Isoenzyme 5
51Describe the characteristic morphology of a Reed-Sternberg Cell.
A large lymphoid cell which may demonstrate two nuclei (with eosinophilic nucleoli) and an abundant cytoplasm
52The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells is the definitive histologic characteristic of which disease?
Hodgkin's Disease
53Flower cells are a characteristic hematologic finding seen in
Adult T Cell Leukemia
54Popcorn cells, also known as L and H cells, are lymphocytic and histiocytic cells seen in
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NLPHL)
55Which specific cell type is characterized by a "cerebriform nucleus"?
Sezary cells
56Sezary cells are commonly seen in which example of a Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Myocis Fungoides
57Identify the purple-red particles (precipitated mucopolysaccharides) found primarily in neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Alder-Reilly Inclusions
58Alder-Reilly inclusions can resemble which other neutrophil anomaly?
Very coarse toxic granulation
59List the three genetic mucopolysaccharidosis types associated with Alder-Reilly Inclusions.
Hunter, Hurler, and Maroteaux-Lamy
60Describe the appearance and color of Toxic Granulations in neutrophils.
Dark-blue to black granules
61Identify two primary causes for the presence of Toxic Granulations.
Severe infections and chemical poisoning
62What are the linear projections of primary granules seen in certain types of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)?
Auer Rods
63Define the term "Faggot cell" based on the provided notes.
An abnormal WBC with bundles of Auer rods in its cytoplasm
64Round or oval blue-staining cytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils consisting of ribosomal RNA are known as
Dohle Bodies
65List four conditions or states where Dohle Bodies can be found.
Pregnancy, severe burns, aplastic anemia, and scarlet fever
66Compare the PAS reaction of Dohle bodies versus Dohle body-like inclusions in MHA.
Dohle bodies are PAS positive while MHA inclusions are PAS negative
67Contrast the shape and content of Dohle bodies versus MHA inclusions.
Dohle bodies are round and contain ribosomal RNA; MHA inclusions are spindle-shaped and contain messenger RNA