Hormones

Network of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions

Chemical signals produced by specialized cells that travel through the blood to target tissues

Primary biological processes for which hormones are essential

The gland that controls hormone secretion and which in turn regulated by the ____

System that in turn regulates the hypothalamus

Two types of mechanisms that regulate hormone activity

Mechanism where an increase in a product leads to an elevation of the system's activity and production rate

Hormones that serve as examples of the positive feedback mechanism

Mechanism where an increase in a product leads to a decrease in the system's activity and production rate

Hormone that serves as an example of the negative feedback mechanism

Type of negative feedback involving hormones produced in the pituitary gland acting on the hypothalamus

Type of negative feedback involving feedback from hormones at the level of the pituitary gland

Feedback mechanism specifically between the pituitary and the hypothalamus

Hormones consisting of a steroid ring and formed from cholesterol

Hormones described as large or small hydrophilic molecules

The specific cellular location where peptide hormones are synthesized

The synthesis timing of steroid hormones

The synthesis timing of peptide hormones

The location of receptors for peptide hormones

The hormone type that binds DNA to modify transcription

Relative speed of action for steroid hormones

Relative speed of action for peptide hormones

The hormone type characterized by permanent action

The molecular nature of steroid hormones

The molecular nature of peptide hormones

Comparison of molecular size between peptide and steroid hormones

Primary precursor for all steroid hormones

Precursor for Melatonin and Serotonin

Primary amino acid from which Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine are derived

Category of hormones that include Prostaglandins

Pituitary hormone responsible for sperm and egg production

Pituitary hormone responsible for protein synthesis, cell growth, and division

The most abundant hormone in the Anterior Pituitary Gland (APG)

Pituitary hormone responsible for the production of adrenocortical hormones by the adrenal cortex

Pituitary hormone responsible for the maturation of follicles, ovulation, and production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Pituitary hormone responsible for lactation

The main stimulus for Prolactin release

The primary Prolactin inhibitor

Effect on Prolactin levels if a patient undergoes a breast exam

Condition characterized by menstrual irregularity, infertility, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea

Hormone responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth and lactation

Hormone responsible for the reabsorption of water in distal renal tubules

Hormone responsible for the production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid

Specific thyroid hormones responsible for metabolism, growth, and development

Thyroid hormone that inhibits Ca2+ resorption

Hormone that regulates Ca2+ and phosphate levels

Clinical result of Hyperparathyroidism

Clinical result of Hypoparathyroidism

Identity of the principal thyroid hormone that is 50x more concentrated than T3 and contains 4 atoms of Iodine

Status of Thyroxine (T4) regarding potency and abundance

Thyroid hormone formed from deiodination of T4 by tissues, containing 3 atoms of Iodine

Status of Triiodothyronine (T3) regarding potency and abundance

Adrenal hormone responsible for the reabsorption of Na+ in renal tubules

Adrenal hormone responsible for carbohydrate/fat/protein metabolism and suppression of inflammatory/allergic reactions

Hormones released during "Fight or flight syndrome" by the adrenal medulla

Identity of the catecholamines

Primary female reproductive hormone for development of organs and secondary sex characteristics in early stages

Female hormone responsible for preparation of the uterus for ovum implantation and maintenance of pregnancy

Placental hormone utilized for monitoring fetal growth and development

Placental hormone that regulates progesterone production by the corpus luteum during early pregnancy

Placental hormone responsible for the development of fetal gonads

Hormone that regulates Estrogen and Progesterone production by the corpus luteum and development of mammary glands

Primary hormone increased in the first trimester of pregnancy

Timing when HCG starts to increase

Electrolyte for nerve impulses - Sequence of four elements involved in conducting electrical signals through nerves

Electrolyte for ECF and cell volume - Element responsible for maintaining the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) as well as overall cell size and shape

Electrolyte for cardiac muscle contraction - Major extracellular cation vital for managing heart muscle contractions and balancing physiological pH levels

Major extracellular anion - Primary negatively charged ion in extracellular fluid that functions to maintain osmotic pressure balance

Blood buffering system component - Major constituent of the blood buffer system responsible for preserving charge neutrality inside the cell

Aids in nerve and muscle contraction - Cation that assists in neuromuscular signaling and is essential for developing healthy bones and teeth

Fourth most abundant cation - Element classified as the body's fourth most abundant total cation and its second most abundant intracellular cation

Maintains electric neutrality via interaction - Anion that acts in the plasma to balance charge via direct interactions with sodium or carbon dioxide

Decreased levels lead to tetany - Specific mineral whose deficiency or decreased concentrations directly trigger neuromuscular excitability or tetany

Aids in cell growth and repair - Nutritional mineral compound essential for cellular growth, energy processing, bone structure, and dental health

Growth, healing and immune function - Specific trace element necessary for optimal physical development, wound healing, and immune response activation

Pyruvate, arginine and superoxide metabolism - Essential trace element involved in processing pyruvate, arginine, and driving superoxide metabolic pathways

Energy transfer and connective tissue formation - Trace element that serves as a core cofactor for structural connective tissue generation and cellular energy transport

Prevents peroxidation of reduced compounds - Essential micronutrient or trace element that blocks the oxidation of reduced vital compounds like glutathione

Energy transfer by hemoglobin and cytochromes - Functional core metal element utilized by blood hemoglobin and metabolic cytochromes to move energy and oxygen

Part of insulin receptor - Trace element that integrates directly into the insulin receptor complex to support glucose management

Builds and fixes DNA and protects cells - Crucial structural mineral element that builds and fixes DNA structures while keeping cellular systems safe from damage