1Examples of simple sugars include
glucose and fructose
2The name of the smallest monosaccharide
triose
3Sugars formed by the interaction of two monosaccharides with the loss of a water molecule
Oligosaccharides (Disaccharides)
4Examples of disaccharides
maltose, lactose, and sucrose
5Sugars formed by interactions between many units of simple sugars
Polysaccharides
6Examples of polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
7Anabolic process of glycogen formation from glucose by enzyme action
Glycogenesis
8The breakdown of glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate or free glucose for energy production
Glycogenolysis
9Hormones that act on glycogenolysis
glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines, and GH
10The catabolism of glucose to pyruvate or lactate for ATP production
Glycolysis
11The Embden-Meyerhof pathway and Krebs' cycle are associated with
Glycolysis
12The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and lipids
Gluconeogenesis
13Normal OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) result
< 140 mg/dL
14Prediabetes (impaired) OGTT result
140-199 mg/dL
15Diabetes mellitus OGTT result
≥ 200 mg/dL
16Normal FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) result
70-99 mg/dL
17Prediabetes (impaired) FPG result
100-125 mg/dL
18Diabetes mellitus FPG result
≥ 126 mg/dL
19Normal RBS (Random Blood Sugar) result
< 140 mg/dL
20Prediabetes RBS result
140-199 mg/dL
21Diabetes mellitus RBS result with DM symptoms
≥ 200 mg/dL
22Condition associated with Diabetes Mellitus and other endocrine disorders
Hyperglycemia
23Condition associated with insulinoma, pancreatitis, and hypopituitarism
Hypoglycemia
24Hormone increased during acute stress causing hyperglycemia
epinephrine
25Clinical condition associated with increased Growth Hormone (GH)
acromegaly
26Clinical condition associated with increased Cortisol
Cushing's syndrome
27Clinical condition associated with increased Catecholamines
pheochromocytoma
28Weeks of gestation for GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) screening
24-28 weeks
29GDM One-Step Strategy Fasting cutoff
92 mg/dL
30GDM One-Step Strategy 1 h cutoff
180 mg/dL
31GDM One-Step Strategy 2 h cutoff
153 mg/dL
32Initial test for GDM Two-Step Strategy
50-g GLT (nonfasting)
33GDM Two-Step Step 2 diagnostic criteria
Carpenter-Coustan criteria
34GDM Two-Step Strategy 100-g OGTT 3 h cutoff
140 mg/dL
35Normal HBA1C level in healthy individuals
4.0-6.0%
36HBA1C level indicating glycemic control in diabetic patients
< 7.0%
37Marker used for short-term glucose monitoring (2 to 3 weeks)
Fructosamine
38Best principle/method for HBA1C measurement
HPLC (Affinity Chromatography)
39Effect of Old RBCs and Iron Deficiency Anemia on HBA1C
falsely increased
40Effect of hemolytic disorders on HBA1C
falsely decreased
41A 10% contamination with 5% dextrose will increase glucose by
500mg/dl
42Metabolic processes promoted by Insulin
Glycolysis (pyruvate and acetate), glycogenesis, and lipid synthesis
43Hormone responsible for entry of glucose into cells and increasing glycogenesis
Insulin
44Hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis while inhibiting glycolysis
Glucagon
45Insulin antagonist that increases gluconeogenesis and acts as an anti-inflammatory
Cortisol
46Hormone group that promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, often called "fight and flight" hormones
Catecholamines
47Hormone that acts as an insulin antagonist and promotes both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
GH (Growth Hormone)
48Hormones that increase glucose absorption from the GI tract and stimulate glycogenolysis
T4 and T3 (Thyroid hormones)
49The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the
Islets of Langerhans cells
50Pancreatic cells that produce glucagon
Alpha cells
51Pancreatic cells responsible for making insulin and promoting glycogenesis
Beta cells
52Pancreatic cells that produce gastrin and somatostatin
Delta cells
53The exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the
Acinar cells
54Exocrine enzyme that breaks down starch and glycogen
Amylase
55Exocrine enzyme that hydrolyzes fats to produce alcohols and fatty acids
Lipase
56Proteolytic exocrine enzyme used in protein breakdown
Trypsin
57Another name for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
IDDM (Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)
58Type 1 DM comprises what percentage of all DM cases
< 10%
59Primary cause of Type 1 DM
decrease production of Insulin (autoimmune condition)
60Common age of onset and descriptors for Type 1 DM
< 20 years of age; "Early, rapid, juvenile, acute"
61Specific tests used for detecting reducing substances in urine and blood
Benedict’s (liquid) and Clinitest (Tablet)
62Enzyme method that measures 65% beta-D-glucose
Glucose oxidase
63Enzyme that converts alpha-D-glucose (35%) to beta-D-glucose (65%)
Mutarotase
64Substance measured at an absorbance of 340nm in glucose testing
NADPH
65The most specific enzyme reagent for glucose testing
G6PD
66The reference method for glucose measurement
Hexokinase
67Glucose measurement method that makes use of Schiff’s base
Orthotoluidine (Dubowski method)
68Method that converts yellow Ferricyanide into colorless Ferrocyanide
Alkaline ferric reduction (Hagedorn-Jensen Test)
69Diagnostic criteria for Random plasma glucose in DM
e 200 mg/dL (e 11.1 mmol/L) plus symptoms
70Diagnostic criteria for Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in DM
e 126 mg/dL (e 7.0 mmol/L)
71Diagnostic criteria for 2-hour plasma glucose during an OGTT
e 200 mg/dL (e 11.1 mmol/L)
72Marker used for long term DM monitoring
HbA1c
73Marker used for monitoring glycosylated albumin over 2-3 weeks
Fructosamine
74The threshold percentage for HbA1c in DM diagnosis
e 6.5%
75Characteristics of Stage 1 Type 1 DM
Autoimmunity, Normoglycemia, and Presymptomatic (No impaired testing)
76Diagnostic criteria for Stage 1 Type 1 DM
Multiple autoantibodies; No IGT or IFG
77Characteristics of Stage 2 Type 1 DM
Autoimmunity, Dysglycemia, and Presymptomatic (Impaired testing)
78FPG range for Stage 2 Type 1 DM
100–125 mg/dL (5.6–6.9 mmol/L)
792-hour PG range for Stage 2 Type 1 DM
140–199 mg/dL (7.8–11.0 mmol/L)
80HbA1c range for Stage 2 Type 1 DM
5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol)
81Characteristics of Stage 3 Type 1 DM
New-onset hyperglycemia, Symptomatic, and DM diagnosed
82Identification of sugars that convert copper sulfate to cuprous oxide
Reducing sugars
83Identify the only disaccharide that is NOT a reducing sugar
Sucrose
84Specify the color result for a negative Benedict’s or Fehling’s test
Blue
85Sequence of colors indicating a positive result in Benedict’s test
Green to Yellow to Orange to Red
86Identify the smallest unit of a ketose sugar
Dihydroxyacetone
87Identify the smallest unit of an aldose sugar
Glyceraldehyde
88Identify the term for mirror-image molecules in stereochemistry
Enantiomers
89Distinguish between the right-handed and left-handed forms of glucose
Dextro (D) and Levo (L)
90Identify the storage form of glucose in plants
Starch
91Identify the storage form of glucose in animals
Glycogen
92Specify the range of sugar units found in oligosaccharides
2 to 10 units
93Identify the salivary enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth
Ptyalin (Salivary amylase)
94Products formed when salivary amylase breaks down starch
Dextrins and maltose
95Explain why carbohydrate digestion stops in the stomach
Acidic environment deactivates amylase
96Identify the pancreatic enzyme that completes carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine
Amylopsin (Pancreatic amylase)
97Identify the anabolic hormone responsible for glycogenesis and lipid synthesis
Insulin
98List four primary actions of Insulin
Glycogenesis, Glycolysis, Lipid Synthesis, and Protein Synthesis
99Identify the catabolic hormone that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Glucagon
100List four primary actions of Glucagon
Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Lipolysis, and Protein Catabolism
101Specify the ultimate goal of insulin secretion
Lower blood glucose
102Specify the ultimate goal of glucagon secretion
Raise blood glucose
103Identify the metabolic pathway also known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Glycolysis
104List the three primary inputs for the glycolysis pathway
Glucose, Oxygen (O_2), and Insulin
105List the three primary outputs of aerobic glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvates
106Identify the end product of anaerobic glycolysis
Lactate
107Identify the most common sign of DM characterized by increased hunger
Polyphagia
108Identify the most common symptom of DM characterized by increased thirst
Polydipsia
109Identify the clinical term for increased urination in DM
Polyuria
110List three additional clinical symptoms of DM besides the "Polys"
Poor wound healing, pruritus (itching), and weight loss
111Specify the HbA1c percentage threshold for a "Normal" classification
< 5.7%
112Specify the HbA1c range for "Pre-Diabetes (PDM)"
5.7% - 6.4%
113Specify the HbA1c percentage threshold for a "Diabetes (DM)" diagnosis
e 6.5%
114Identify the gold standard test for non-pregnant patients using 75g of glucose
2-hour OGTT
115Identify the gold standard test for diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
3-hour OGTT
116Specify the gestation period when screening for GDM is usually performed
24–28 weeks
117Identify the test used for long-term monitoring (2–3 months) of glucose
HbA1c
118Identify the test used for short-term monitoring (2–3 weeks) that measures glycated albumin
Fructosamine
119Identify the glucose test used specifically for emergency or quick checks
RBS (Random Blood Sugar)
120Specify the fasting requirement duration for an FBS test
8–10 hours
121Identify the component that connects the Alpha and Beta chains in proinsulin
C-peptide
122Specify the insulin and C-peptide status in a Type 1 DM patient
No insulin and no C-peptide
123Differentiate Type 2 DM from Type 1 based on insulin status
Normal or increased insulin with resistance
124Identify the electrolyte imbalance caused when insulin moves glucose and potassium into cells
Hypokalemia
125Calculate the estimated average glucose if the HbA1c is 6%
126 mg/dL
126Identify the formula used to estimate average glucose from HbA1c
(HbA1c \times 28.7) - 46.7
127Identify the most specific reference method for glucose testing
Hexokinase
128Identify the most specific enzyme reagent used in glucose testing
G6PD