chp 12: biotechnology and genomics

inserting cloned genes into an organism

cloned gene from one organism transferred into another (GMO); an organism with a modified genome from another species

contains DNA from 2 or more different organisms

used to carry the foreign DNA; may be a plasmid from bacteria

molecular scissors that cut the DNA sample into a pattern called "bands"

they are found in bacteria

they exchange genetic information, promoting rapid evolution

ex: human insulin. human gene is removed and inserted into plasmid, plasmid inserted into bacteria, and the bacteria produces insulin as if it was one of their own gene products (bacteria is given the human gene for insulin, and then produces the insulin)

it is used to make multiple copies of DNA

denaturing, annealing, elongation; the cycle happens from changing temperatures

occurs at 95C, where DNA is heated so it becomes single-stranded (separates DNA into 2 separate strands)

occurs at 50C, a nucleotide primer hybridizes (or binds) to each of the single DNA strands

occurs at 72C, where a DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each of the single DNA strands, creating double-stranded DNA

gel electrophoresis vs pure PCR

separates DNA segments by size

increases the amount of DNA sample before cutting the segments

used to identify individuals using their DNA because of slight differences in sequence

it is relatively easy to modify their chromosomes

yes, cotton, corn, soy, and potato are modifed to make their own insecticide, and fishes, cows, and pigs are modified to have an inserted growth hormone gene

use of natural biological systems to create a product

the production of genetically identical cells and organisms

they have cell potency: potential to differentiate into other cell types

cells of the embryo have potential to become any other type of cell in the organism (totipotent); have ethical concerns with this

limited in the number of cells it can become (multipotent); however, new ways are being discovered to overcome this limitation

desired end is an indiviudal exactly like the original

desired end is various types of mature cells through either using embryonic stem cells (most common but raises ethical concerns) or adult stem cells. goal is to use them to treat human illness. how? the nucleus is removed and transferred to a donor egg cell

study of genomes (the sum of its genes and other DNAs)

application of computer technologies to study the genome and proteome

explores structure and function of cellular proteins and how they interact to produce traits (large scale study of proteins)

provided basic information about the sequences of 3 billion base pairs of DNA

it is helpful to analyze large amounts of data to find significant patterns (sequence comparisons, genetic mapping)

a multiplex lab-on-a-chip. Its purpose is to simultaneously detect the expression of thousands of biological interactions