1When and what was the Great Depression?
1873-96; world trade recession after the Vienna Stock Exchange crashed
2How many new banks were formed by 1872?
29 banks formed in Prussia
3How large was the population in 1914, compared to 1890?
1890: 50m
1914: 68m
4population location shift
1871: 64% in countryside
1910: 40% in countryside
5How much of the world's coal was mined by Germany by 1914? Where from?
1/4 of the world's coal, from the Ruhr, Saar and Silesia
6number of cartels increase
1875: 8 cartels
1911: 600 cartels
7Cartel
A formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production
8How many members were in the Free Trade Union by 1913, compared to 1890?
1890: 300,000
1913: 2.5m
9How much of RS discussions were made up for by economic affairs by 1914?
90% by 1914
10km of railway increase
1871: 21,000km
1913: 63,000 km
11enrolments in university increase
1890: 28,000
1914: 60,000
12Untergrundbahn
In 1896; opened in 1902
13When and what was the Weimar-Gera railway?
In 1876 opened, and connected major German cities such as Weimar, Gera, and Frankfurt
14What financed Germany's industrial growth during this period?
Banks, such as Deutsche Bankw
15 increase in coal production tonnage
1871: 30m
1913: 190m tonnes
533% increase
16Which company was devoted to the building of battleships from 1871?
Kaiserliche Werft
17What was German steam tonnage in comparison to France in 1914?
3x that of France
18steel production tonnage increase
1871: 0.14m tonnes
1910: 13.1m tonnes
19 British steel production tonnage compared to Germany
1910: UK produces 6.46m tonnes
1910: Germany produces 13.1m tonnes
20What was the average inflation rate annually from 1871-1914?
0.48%
21What was the average rage of unemployment from 1871-1914?
1-2%
22agricultural employment decrease
1882: 42%
1907: 34%
23Agricultural share in GNP
35-40% -> 25%
24What was British agricultural employment rate in 1907 compared to Germany?
Germany: 34%
Britain: <10%
25imports increase
1880: 2.8bn marks' worth
1913: 10.8bn marks' worth
26exports increase
1880: 2.9bn marks' worth
1913: 10.1bn marks' worth
27What was focused on by the universities built in this period?
Science and innovation
28How did a larger population stimulate growth?
It provided the market and labour force for the expanding economy, especially as the age balance shifted to being younger and more able to work.
29For what did Germany receive and indemnity from in 1871, and from whom?
From France for the Franco-Prussian War
30When was there a period of slightly slower growth?
1876-1894
31How did the unification of the German states stimulate economic growth?
There were now far more available raw materials, for instance coal in the Ruhr and Silesia, and iron in Alsace-Lorraine
32What were the geographical advantages of Germany?
Navigable rivers like the Rhine and Elbe, and the broad, flat plains which could be used for railways
33When was the railway system complete in essentials by?
1880, from thereon only being improved
34How did the number of graduates from Munich in 1870 compare with England?
More science graduates from this university than all in England combined
35How did the govt support economic growth?
Bismarck's tariffs and Caprivi's trade treaties and measures all helped with this
36What were the 'old' industries? (5)
- Coal
- Iron
- Textiles
- Steel
- Railways
37What were the 'new' industries that developed from 1890? (4)
- Electrical
- Chemical
- Machinery
- Motor cars
38How did Germany have a virtual monopoly on the world production of chemical dyes by the 20th century?
It was producing about 3/4 plus of the global supply
39How did the production of electrical energy increase between 1901 and 1915?
By 150%
40Germany's electrical exports 1913
Germany: £11m worth
US + UK: £8m worth
41What helped from Germany's industrial development from 1890?
Wilhelm II's Weltpolitik desires, but it might have been a mutualistic relationship, i.e. each helped the other
42What did the Junker estates produce?
Rye and beet
43What did smaller peasant farms produce?
- Cereal
- Fodder
- Fruit
- Dairy
- Livestock
44How much virgin land was tilled during this period?
4m acres
45When did tariffs begin to rise again?
From 1902, remaining until the war
46How did tariffs help agriculture? How did it harm it?
Protected farmers from Russia and American competition, but consumers faced a higher cost of living and less buying choice
47What challenges were farmers faced with?
Rising competition because of new processes and synthetic food production
48How did rural debt increase? (3)
- Fall in labour supply
- Rise in prices
- Increasing reliance on modern agricultural technology
49How did urbanisation affect agriculture negatively?
- More workers would migrate from the countryside to cities, reducing the labour supply
- Railways exposed small rural farms to bigger farms
50How did urbanisation affect agriculture positively?
There was a larger market after 1879, and it was easier for farmers to supply to a growing domestic market
51When was the beginning of the alliance of steel and rye? What caused it?
1879; a joining together of manufactures and farmers in the 'Central Association of German Manufacturers' to lobby for them
52When and what was the Agrarian League?
1893; lobbied for farmers' interests and economic protection
53When and what was the Industrialists' League?
1895; campaigned for industrialists' interests, which often lined up with farmers'