1Who were involved in the Crimean war?
Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire vs Russia
2What were the causes of the Crimean war?
The Ottoman Empire was collapsing. Russia wanted to extend its influence in the Mediteranean. This threatened the power if GB and France
3Strengths of the British army
had the new French Minie rifle. Had 3x the Russian rifle range
Later replaced by the British Enfield rifle - 4x range
Navy was still a powerful weapon
Slowly modernising
4Weaknesses of the British army
Lack of recent experience
Administration was poor, commissariat full of delays
navy had reduced in size since 1885
Struggled with steam powered ships
5What happened at the battle of Alma?
british army arrived at Varna in 1854 to construct a base
GB and france wanted to attack Russians in the cimea anf take Sevastopol quickly
Allies landed at Eupatoria on 14th Sep 1854
Fist battle 20th September
Met Russian defending high ground. They retreated
Light division lost. Push from Highland brigade caused Russia to withdraw
6What was Raglan's leadership like in the battle of Alma?
Unorganised
he was unsure of what the French were doing
Officers recieved contradictory orders
The infantry was well disciplined
7Significance of the balle of Alma
If it was lost the Crimean war could've ended
bad leadership between GB and France
8What was the Battle of Balaklava?
25th october 1854
Russians attempted to capture Brirish supply base in Balaklava
9What was the thin red line?
93rd Highland regiment created a 2 man thich line against russian cavalry
Was successful despite being outnumbered
10What was the charge of the light brigade?
Raglan ordered the light brigade to prevent Russians fromcapturing guns
Nolan delivered vague instructions to Lucan
Light brigade were attacked by Russian artillery on three sides
They had to retreat
670 men. 118 killed, 127 wounded
11Consequences of the Battle of Balaklava
British held on to Balaklava
Led to significant criticism of British military leadership
Russians failed their objective
12When was the siege of Sevastopol?
Began October 1854
Allies aimed to capture Russia's main naval base
13Events of the siege of Sevastopol
Bombardments of the city throughout the siege
Russians sank theirown ships to block the entrance to the harbour
French captures Malakhov on 8th September 1855
Winter caused massive casualties. Storm on 14th November 1854 destroyed many supplies
14What was the significance of the siege of Sevastopol?
Showed weakness in British control
Lead to reforms in medical care
the capture of Sevastopol was crucial in ending the war
15What was the role of Raglan?
Commander in Chief of the army
Lead key battles
facked lots of criticism for his actions and not being present for the army
16Successes of Florence Nightingale
Introduced handwashing, ventilation and clean water
iproved record keeping, food and supplies
Used government connections to prove sanitation helped
Contributed to the Royal Commission
17Failures of Florence Nightingale
Still believed in Miasma
Sanitary Commsion had a bigger impace
Was opposed by many others
Was far away from the war
18What was the role of Mary Seacole?
Learnt traditional nursing skills from her mother
Funded her own journey to Crimea and opened the British Hotel
Expereicne - treated cholera in 1850 and yellow fever in 1853
Was rejected from the war office and Nightingale's team
Opened hotel near the fighting and often visited the battlefield
19Photograpy in the Crimean war
First war to be photographed - real to the public
News was previously delivered by word of mouth etc
Travelling, pooks, cameras etc increased public opinion
20What was Fenton's purpouse?
Commercial war photographer
Government backed, encouraged by Prince Albert
Sond photos to war generals
Was to counter the news' negative portrayal of the war
21What were the nature of Fenton's photography?
He was told to take photos that would sell
Couldn't take photos of dead bodies
Primary market was wealthy people - souvenirs
22What were the limitations of Fenton's photos?
Long exposure times - no action shots
Staged photos - misleading
Couldn't be printed in newspapers
Arrived in spring 1855 - missed major battles
23What were literacy rates like in the Crimean war?
Literacy rates rose
Over half the population could read and wite by 1850 - more demand for things to read
1850s - public libraries
24Railways
National rail network
Improved communications, distributed quickly
25New technology in Crimea
Electric telegraph - could be transmitted in hours
No direct lines from Crimea to Britain
A report from the battle of Alma was in the Times a week after the battle