3.7.1 INHERITANCE OF ________
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Genotype?
Genetic composition of an organism(all alleles it has)
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Phenotype?
observable/visible characteristics due to interactions of genotypes expression and the envrionment
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Monohybrid inheritance?
Genetic crossing where we consider only one gene
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Codominance?
When two alleles for same gene are equally dominant and so both are expressed.
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How to represent condominant alleles?
Gene$^{allele}$ eg red and white are codominant for cows colour
so:
C$^R$ for red and C$^W$ for white
so:
C$^R$ for red and C$^W$ for white
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What is multiple alleles?
When there is more than 2 alleles for the same gene.
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How would you express blood type A,B and O?
I$^A$
I$^B$
I$^O$
I$^B$
I$^O$
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Whats sex linkage?
Genes that are carried on either X chromosome only or Y chromosome
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Why are males more likely to get reccessive diseases?
They only contain one X chromosome compared to females with 2
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What is chi squared used for
Used to compare the patterns in data collected with patterns that we expected
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what is null hypothesis?
"No significant difference between what we expected and what we observed"
Alternative hypothesis is opposite
Alternative hypothesis is opposite
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What is degrees of fredom?
Number of categories/phenotypes -1
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Which critical value do we always look at?
0.05
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What does it mean if calculated value is smaller than the critical value we found at p=0.05?
It means theres more than 5% probability results are due to chance so we ACCEPT NULL HYPOTHESIS
opposite if chi square value is larger
opposite if chi square value is larger
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Epistasis?
When one gene influences/affects another gene
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Give me example of epistasis
Labrador dogs
They have Gene 1 which determines if theres pigment production:
G = codes for pigment production
g = codes for no pigment production
Gene 2 which determines which pigment is expressed:
B= black fur
b = brown fur
They have Gene 1 which determines if theres pigment production:
G = codes for pigment production
g = codes for no pigment production
Gene 2 which determines which pigment is expressed:
B= black fur
b = brown fur
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How can epistasis be expressed?
Pedigree diagrams
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Aabb = WHITE
aaBB = YELLOW
aaBB = YELLOW
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Dihybrid crossing?
Genetic cross where we consider inheritance of 2 genes at same time
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What should you know about if your crossing a homozygous dominant parent with a homozygous reccessive parent in dihybrid crossing?
All offspring will be heterozygous for both genes.
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If round is dominant R, wrinkled reccessive r and yellow is dominant Y and green recessive y what are offspring if parent are round yellow hetero
Give parents genotype, possible gametes, ofsspring genotype and phenotype and proportion of each phenotype
Give parents genotype, possible gametes, ofsspring genotype and phenotype and proportion of each phenotype
Parents genotype : RrYy possible gametes: RY Ry rY ry
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what should you know if you cross two hetero zygous parents for both genes?
Ratio is 9:3:3:1
unless autosomal linkage or cross over
unless autosomal linkage or cross over
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what is autosomal linkage
when 2 genes for different characteristics are on same chromosome.
This means they must be inherited together and DO NOT FOLLOW INDEPENDENT SEGREGATION
Num of combinations of gametes decreases
This means they must be inherited together and DO NOT FOLLOW INDEPENDENT SEGREGATION
Num of combinations of gametes decreases
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Relation of crossing over with autosomal linkage
Crossing over can lead to creation of new combination of alleles in gametes even if theres autosomal linkage
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This is actual results. Explain results when these were autosomal linked genes (with gametes RY and ry)