Public Health

organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and promotion of health that focus on society as a whole, the community and the aim of optimal health status

collective effort to identify and address disease prevention and health promotion including quality of life

interdisciplinary-applied the principles of medicine, epidemiology, statistics, social and behavioral sciences such as economics, health services research, and environmental sciences

-physical environments people live/work
-political conditions people live in
-human biology and genetics
-social factors (economic, race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, social support)
-behavioral choices
-cultural norms

-assessment
-policy development
-assurance

collect and analyze data to define population health status and quantify existing/trending health problems

developing recommendations from data to address public health problems by mobilizing public and community organizations through plan implementations

public health agency responsibility to ensure basic components of the healthcare delivery system are in place

-monitor health
-diagnose and investigate
-Inform, educate, and empower
-mobilize community partnerships
-develop policies
-enforce laws
-link to/provide care
-assure competent workforce
-evaluate
-research

-monitor health status to identify community health problems
-diagnose and investigate health problems/hazards in the community

-inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
-mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
-develop policies and plans that support individual/community health efforts

-enforce laws protect health and ensure safety
-link people to needed personal health services and assure its availability
-assure a competent public health/personal health care workforce
-evaluate effectiveness, access, and quality of population-based health services

the study of the distribution of a disease or a physiological condition in human population and of the factors that influence this distribution

-explain etiology (cause) of a disease by combining epidemiology and microbiology, genetics, biochemistry
-provide the basis for developing and evaluating preventative procedures and public health practices

-experimental studies
-natural experiments
-observational studies

-random assignment
-assign sample or population to treatment or control group

-no randomization
-observational study which naturally approximates experimental design

-observation of occurrence of diseases and correlating that with factors
-most epidemiological studies (e.g., case-control)

experimental > natural > observational

study preventions and treatments for diseases

investigator assigns individuals to two or more groups that either do or do not receive a preventive or therapeutic agent and follows the groups for incidence of outcome

-term which means being widespread and it is distinct from incidence
-measurement of burden of disease
-measurement of all individuals affected by the disease at a particular time

-measurement of risk
-measurement of the number of new individuals who contract a disease during a particular period of time

(# new cases of disease occurring in population during specified period of time/#persons exposed to risk of developing disease during that period of time) x 1000

(# cases of disease present in the population at a specified period of time/# persons at risk of having the disease at that specified time) x 1000

incidence rate (I) x duration of disease (D)

chronic conditions

planning medical care services

acute conditions

evaluating development of disease in different populations

health related quality of life (HRQOL)

to promote health and quality of life by preventing, controlling disease disease, injury and disability

a national comprehensive framework for improving the health of all Americans

-improving the quality and years of healthy life
-eliminating health disparities

achieving the nation's health objectives

a national comprehensive agenda for health promotion and disease prevention

-two goals of HP2010
-focus on creating social and physical environments that promote good health
-focus on emphasizing quality of life and good health behavior over the entire span of life

-life expectancy
-healthy life expectancy
-physical and mental unhealthy days
-self-assessed health status
-limitation of activity
-chronic disease prevalence
-International comparisons

-race/ethnicity
-gender
-socioeconomic status
-disability status
-lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender status
-geography

-social and economic factors
-natural and built environments
-policies and programs

-well-being/satisfaction
-physical, mental, and social health-related quality of life
-participation in common activities

an overall sense of well-being, including aspects of happiness and satisfaction with life as a whole

an individual's or group's perceived physical and mental health over time

preventable disease, injuries and disabilities and it can provide insight into the relationships between HRQOL and risk factors

relatively poor perceived health and help to guide interventions to improve their situations and avert more serious consequences

health policies to allocate resources, development of strategic plans, and monitor the effectiveness of broad community interventions

the elderly (quality of life versus life expectancy)

short-term mortality

number of physical and mental unhealthy days

30 days minus number of unhealthy days

increased

10%

younger Americans (8-24yrs)

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives

more unhealthy days than did those with higher income or education

high

-identify health disparities
-track trends in the population

-largest public health program in the world
-federal government principal agency concerned with health protection and promotion and provision of health and other services to vulnerable population

-a part of the US DHHS
-the nation's medical research agency-making important discoveries that improve health and save lives

to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce the burdens of illness and disability

-foster fundamental creative discoveries, innovative research strategies, and their applications as a basis for ultimately protecting and improving health
-develop, maintain, and renew scientific human and physical resources that will ensure the nation's capability to prevent disease
-expand the knowledge base in medical and associated sciences in order to enhance the nation's economic well-being and ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research
-exemplify and promote the highest level of scientific integrity, public accountability, and social responsibility in the conduct of science

-NIH
-FDA
-CDC
-CMS
-ACF
-AoA
-HRSA
-IHS
-AHRQ
-SAMHSA
-ATSDR

safety of foods, cosmetics, safety and efficacy of drugs, biologics, medical devices

monitoring disease trends, investigating outbreaks, health and injury risks and implementation of control and prevention measures

administers medicare and medicaid

30

3%

3

209 cases per 1000 persons

7