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Dino 4

208 flashcardsby Arnice123
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1
What does the word ornithischian mean?
bird-hipped
2
What does the word ornithopods mean?
bird-feet
3
What evolutionary novelties do Ornithischia have? (3 things)
  • toothless predentary & premaxilla
  • pelvis & pubis directed towards the back
  • ossified tendons along tail, back, and along dorsal vertebrae
4
Which clade is the exception to the forward facing pubis in Saurischia
Paraves
5
What two clades have a high EQ?
theropods & ornithopods
6
What does a higher EQ lead to?
more parental behaviour
7
What cause Maiasaura to get its name?
juveniles found in nest
8
What does the name Maiasaura mean?
good mother lizard
9
what is the feminine version of saurus?
sura
10
What is the masculine version of sura?
saurus
11
What evolutionary novelties did all the Ornithopod have? (4 things)
  • 3 pedal digits
  • no armour
  • horny beak covered in keratin
  • no mandibular fenestra
12
What was different from early versus late ornithopods? (2 things)
  • biped
  • smaller
13
What was different from late versus early ornithopods? (2 things)
  • facultative bipeds
  • large in size
14
Most significant Ornithopoda evo novelty
cranial kinesis
15
What are cranial kinesis
joints in skull
16
What did the cranial kinesis enable the dinosaurs to do?
able to flex skull so then the upper jaw slides forwards and outwards as close mouth, resulting using the teeth together help to grind down food
17
What clades does Ornithopoda include? (2 options)
  • more derived iguanodontia
  • highly derived hadrosauridae
18
Which hemisphere did ornithopods dominate by the late cretaceous
northern hemisphere
19
What does the name Iguanodon mean?
iguana-tooth
20
When did the Iguanodon live?
early Cretaceous
21
What clade was the Iguanodon in?
iguanodontian
22
What was physically unique about the Iguanodon?
spike on thumb
23
What was special about Iguanodon?
one of the first to be described in a scientific manner
24
What were the Hadrosaurs refered to?
Cows of the Cretaceous
25
When did the Hadrosaurs replace the iguanodons?
Late K
26
What species did Hadrosaurs replace?
iguanodons
27
Where are most Hadrosaurs from?
Hell Creek Fm.
28
What evo novelties did Hadrosaurs have? (4 answers)
  • lost thumb spike
  • long snouts
  • broad beaks with very thick keratin
  • dental batteries
29
What made the Hadrosaurs become such an efficient eater? (2 things)
  • dental batteries
  • cranial kinesis
30
What did dental batteries do?
teeth are cemented together to act as grinding surface
31
With dental batteries are the top or bottom angled in?
top
32
With dental batteries are the top or bottom angled out?
bottom
33
Are the dental batteries flat?
they are not
34
What are the areas that stick out higher than the batteries referred too?
hard enamel
35
What are the areas that are below the batteries referred too?
softer dentine replacement teeth
36
what kind of angles do the softer dentine come in at?
strange angles
37
What are Lambeosaurines?
hadrosaurids that have a hollow crest
38
When were Lambeosaurines most abundant?
77 to 75 Ma
39
What could Lambeosaurines have done with their hollow crests?
Could have made sounds as air passes through crest
40
What does the name Corythosaurus mean?
Corinthian helmet lizard
41
Why was the Corythosaurus named after its name?
Because its crest looks like a Corinthian helmet
42
What does the Corythosaurus juvenile mistaken as?
Tetragonosaurus
43
What does the name Lambeosaurus mean?
Lambe's lizard
44
What shape crest did the Lambeosaurus have
hatchet shaped
45
What does the name Parasaurolophus mean?
near crested lizard
46
What shape crest did the Parasaurolophus have?
trombone shaped
47
What are Saurolophines?
hadrosaurids with solid crests or fleshy combs.
48
What does the name Edmontosaurus mean?
Edmonton Lizard
49
Where did the Edmontosaurus live?
Alberta
50
When did the Edmontosaurus live?
  • 73 to 66 Ma
  • 73-66 Ma
51
How large was the Edmontosaurus?
12+ meters long
52
What dinosaurs had similar size/length to the Edmontosaurus?
T-Rex
53
What evolutionary novelties did the Thyreophora have?
one or more rows of osteoderms above or alongside the vertebral column
54
What are osteoderms?
bones embedded within deep layers of the skin typically not connected to the skeleton which contain scutes
55
What do osto and derm mean?
bone & skin
56
What are scutes?
bony external shield-like plates overlain with a keratin sheath
57
What modern animals have scutes?
crocodiles and birds
58
When and where do Primitive Thyreophora originate from?
Early Jurassic in North America & Europe
59
How did Primitive Thyreophora balance against the weight of their armor?
An especially long tail
60
What does the name Scutellosaurus mean?
little-shielded lizard
61
When did Scutellosaurus live?
196 Ma
62
Where did Scutellosaurus live?
North America
63
How heavy was the Scutellosaurus?
10 kg
64
What is special about the Scutellosaurus?
most basal member known from the primitive thyreophorans
65
What does the name Scelidosaurus mean?
limb lizard
66
What movement form did Scelidosaurus move in?
quadruped
67
What cause Scelidosaurus to be named what it is?
Because of its extremely robust limbs
68
Where did the Scelidosaurus live?
England
69
When did the Scelidosaurus live?
191 Ma
70
What is special about the Scelidosaurus?
first dinosaur that was found mostly complete
71
How big was the Scelidosaurus?
4m long & 225kg
72
What significant discovery was found involving the Scelidosaurus in 2000?
A Scelidosaurus was discovered along England's Jurassic Coast that preserved hundreds of scutes as rows in their life positions with the osteoderms still in position
73
What does the name Stegosaurs mean?
plated lizards
74
What size range were the Stegosaurs?
medium to large
75
What movement form were the Stegosaurs?
quadruped
76
What evolutionary novelties did the Stegosaurs have? (4 answers)
  • vertical bony plates and spikes arranged in single or double rows along the neck, back, and tail, ,
  • small heads
  • small low extremely thick forelimbs
  • tiny rigid triangle teeth with ridges on them
77
What are Stegosaurids?
more advanced Stegosaurs
78
What evolutionary novelties did Stegosaurids have? (2 options)
  • flatter wider skulls
  • forelimbs much shorter than rear limbs
79
What special fossil was found of type Stegosaurid and how complete?
Sophie and 85%
80
What does the name Kentrosaurus mean?
sharp point lizard
81
When did the Kentrosaurus live?
Late Jurassic
82
Where did the Kentrosaurus live?
Tanzania
83
What was special about the Kentrosaurus? (3 things)
  • massive spikes coming out horizontally of shoulder,
  • two paired rows of small plates cover the neck and back merging into tall spikes above the hips and tail
  • robust shoulder girdle
84
What does the name Stegosaurus mean?
roof lizard
85
Where did the Stegosaurus live?
North America
86
When did the Stegosaurus live?
Late Jurassic
87
What was special about the Stegosaurus?
two rows of thin offset plates that ran from mid-line to neck to tail
88
What were the plates on the Stegosaurus used for?
sexual display
89
What were the Stegosaurus main physical defense?
thagomizer
90
What dinosaurs did Stegosaurus live with? (6 answers)
  • Apatosaurus
  • Diplodocus
  • Camarasaurus
  • Brachiosaurus
  • Allosaurus
  • Ceratosaurus
91
what position did Stegosaurus use for locomotion?
erect limb posture
92
what position did Stegosaurus use for defense?
sprawled forelimb pose
93
How would the stegosaurus defend itself?
turn its back on attackers and swing tail in a 180 degree arc
94
When did the Stegosaurs decline in diversity and abundance?
Early Cretaceous
95
When were the Stegosaurs extinct?
start of late cretaceous (100 Ma)
96
What caused the extinction of the Stegosaurs?
Only ate cycads
97
Who are the Ankylosauria related to?
stegosauria
98
Ankylosauria and stegosauria are a part of which group?
shield bearing group
99
What does the name Ankylosauria mean?
fused lizards
100
Why were Ankylosauria named what they were?
rod of fused vertebrae along their backs from shoulders
101
What was the Ankylosauria's main evolutionary novelty used for?
Used to support the back
102
What evolutionary novelties did the Ankylosauria have? (3 things)
  • closed fenestra & added dermal bones on the skull,
  • small triangular-shaped heads with low flat skulls
  • broadly arched rib cages and hip girdle
103
What was unique about Ankylosauria?
Only had toes on back foot
104
What were the Ankylosauria's main source of sustinance?
ferns
105
What were the Ankylosauria's teeth like?
tiny leaf shaped
106
What were the two mutually exclusively defense options for Ankylosauria?
tail club and shoulder spikes
107
What was the nickname for Ankylosaurs?
dinosaur tanks
108
Why were Ankylosaurs nicknamed what they were?
built low down to the ground with their plate armour, and would squat to lower their center of gravity and if they had a tail club they would swing it
109
What two Ankylosauria clades were there?
  • nodosauridae
  • ankylosauridae
110
What was unique to the nodosauridae? (4 things)
  • numerous spikes
  • no tail club
  • longer narrow skulls
  • simple nasal passages
111
What was unique to the Ankylosauridae? (6 things)
  • few or no spikes
  • tail club
  • wider skulls with dermal plates on skull
  • complex nasal passages
  • triangular bony horns
  • osteoderms on eyelids
112
Was the Edmontonia a nodosaur or a ankylosaur
nodosaur
113
Was the Euoplocephalus a nodosaur or a ankylosaur
ankylosaur
114
When did the Edmontonia live?
75 Ma
115
Where did the Edmontonia live?
Alberta
116
When did the Euoplocephalus live?
75 Ma
117
Where did the Euoplocephalus live?
Alberta
118
What dinosaurs did Edmontonia & Euoplocephalus lived alongside? (4+ answers)
  • Corythosaurus
  • Parasaurolophus
  • Gorgosaurus
  • Daspletosaurus
119
What is the Zuul crurivastator?
A dino mummy found in 2017
120
When did the Zuul crurivastator live?
75 Ma
121
What did the name Zuul crurivastator mean?
destroyer of shins
122
Why was Zuul crurivastator named what it was?
only found with tail club and skull
123
What is special about the Zuul crurivastator? (2 things)
  • tail club
  • triangle shaped osteoderms
124
When did Ankylosaurus live?
68 to 66 Ma
125
Where did Ankylosaurus live?
North America
126
What was special about the Ankylosaurus?
Largest Ankylosaur
127
How big was the Ankylosaurus?
6 tonnes
128
What dinosaurs did the Ankylosaurus live alongside?
T-rex, Triceratops, and Edmontosaurus
129
What is physically special about the Ankylosaurus? (3 things)
  • no big spikes
  • bony horns
  • tail club
130
What does the name Borealopelta mean?
Northern shield
131
Where was the dino mummy of a Borealopelta found?
Northern Alberta
132
When did the Borealopelta live?
115 Ma
133
What special event happened in 2017 with the Borealopelta?
A dino mummy was found
134
What does the name Marginocephalia mean?
margin headed
135
What evolutionary novelties did the Marginocephalia have?
thickened bony shelf (margin) at the back of the skull
136
how did the Marginocephalia evolve over time?
Small at more basal forms and get bigger the more derivided
137
What does the name Pachycephalosaurus mean?
thick-headed lizard
138
What evolutionary novelties did the Ceratopsia have? (3 things)
  • frill
  • narrow beak with flaring jugals
  • rostral bone
139
Where is the rostral bone placed?
In premaxilla
140
Where did the first ceratopsians appear?
Late Jurassic of Asia
141
Where did ceratopsians spread to?
North America during the Cretaceous
142
What does the name Psittacosaurus mean?
parrot lizard
143
What kind of ceratopsian is the Psittacosaurus?
primitive ceratopsian
144
what locomotion method did the Psittacosaurus have?
adult are bipeds and younger ones quadrupeds
145
How large was the Psittacosaurus?
small
146
When did the Psittacosaurus live?
Early Cretaceous
147
Where did the Psittacosaurus live?
Mongolia/China
148
What was special about the Psittacosaurus?
has bristles along tail
149
What was special about the Psittacosaurus fossils?
Lots of high quality fossils
150
What is the Cloaca
"the hole that does everything"
151
What evolutionary novelties did the Neoceratopsians introduce? (5 things)
  • extremely large head
  • massive beak that is very strong
  • broad and prominent frill
  • sharply keeled rostral bone
  • limbs reflecting a quadruped
152
What is noticable about the Neoceratopsians?
lack of large horns
153
What does the name Protoceratops mean?
first horn face
154
Where did the Protoceratops come from?
Mongolia
155
When did the Protoceratops live?
  • 75 to 70 Ma
  • 75 - 70 Ma
156
What is the difference between male and female Protoceratops? (2 things)
  • male has taller frill
  • taller bump on nose
157
Where did the Leptoceratops live?
North America
158
When did the Leptoceratops live?
67 to 66 Ma
159
How did the Leptoceratops move?
biped
160
What does the name Leptoceratops mean?
little horned face
161
What kind of dinosaur was the Leptoceratops?
Primitive neoceratopsians
162
Relatively, how large was the Leptoceratops?
smaller than the Protoceratops
163
What other dinosaurs lived along side the Leptoceratops? (2 options)
  • T-Rex
  • Triceratops
164
What are the Ceratopsidae?
larger, more advanced neoceratopsians
165
When did Ceratopsidae live?
Late Cretaceous
166
Where did Ceratopsidae live?
North America
167
What evolutionary novelties did the Ceratopsidae have? (6 things)
  • very large skulls
  • dental battery still kind ridged and leaf lookin
  • horns on nose or on brows
  • prominent frills with a variety of horns
  • large nasal openings
168
What clades are in the Ceratopsidae?
Centrosaurinae & Chasmosaurinae
169
What was special about Chasmosaurinae? (2 things)
  • prominent brow horns
  • frills lack long spines
170
What was special about Centrosaurinae? (3 things)
  • small or no brow horn
  • large nasal horn or thickened nasal bone "boss"
  • larger frill with long spines
171
What does the name Pachyrhinosaurus mean?
thick-nosed lizard
172
Where did the Pachyrhinosaurus live?
North America
173
When did the Pachyrhinosaurus live?
74 to 69 Ma
174
What clade is the Pachyrhinosaurus a part of?
Centrosaurinae
175
What does the name Triceratops mean?
three horned face
176
What is special about the Triceratops?
one of the most abundant Hell Creek Fm. dinos
177
How many stages of Triceratops growth are there?
4
178
What are the main features of the hatchling Triceratops? (3 options)
  • small brow horns
  • small frill
  • unfused epoccipitals
179
What are the main features of the juvenile Triceratops? (2 options)
  • larger brow horns pointed back
  • fused epoccipitals
180
What are the main features of the sub adult Triceratops? (2 options)
  • larger brow horns facing forwards
  • epoccipitals beginning to flatten
181
What are the main features of the adult Triceratops? (3 options)
  • still has big brow horns
  • significant nasal horn
  • epoccipitals completely flattened
182
What does the name Torosaurus mean?
perforated lizard
183
What is special about the frill of the Torosaurus?
holes in the frill
184
What is the main argument about Torosaurus?
Some say the Torosaurus is an extremely matured Triceratops
185
What does the name Pachycephalosauria mean?
thick headed lizards
186
How did Pachycephalosauria move?
biped
187
What was special about the Pachycephalosauria?
greatly thickened bones on the skull roof surrounded by nodes/spikes
188
What does the name Pachycephalosaurus mean?
thick-headed lizard
189
What does the name Stygimoloch mean?
demon from the River Styx
190
What does the name Dracorex hogwartsia mean?
dragon king of Hogwarts
191
What was special about the Pachycephalosaurus? (3 things)
  • large in size
  • large dome
  • few spikes
192
What was special about the Stygimoloch? (3 things)
  • small
  • medium sized dome
  • some spikes
193
What was special about the Dracorex hogwartsia? (2 options)
  • tiny dome
  • lots of spikes
194
Which three dinosaurs are ontogomorphs? (3 options)
  • Dracorex hogwartsia
  • Stygimoloch
  • Pachycephalosaurus
195
What were the two main factors that made hadrosaurs are the most efficient plant eaters the world has ever seen? (2 things)
  • dental batteries
  • cranial kenisis
196
What are dental batteries?
cemented together teeth so that they work as a grinding surface
197
What are cranial kenisis?
joints in skull that made it be able to flex the skull so when the upper jaw slides forwards and outwards as it closes it's mouth, it results in using the teeth together help to grind down food
198
How did Stegosaurus and Kentrosaurus defend themselves against predators?
They would enter a sprawled forelimb pose with their back facing the predator so they could swing their tails
199
How fast could the Stegosaurus tail go?
150mph
200
How large of an arc could the Stegosaurus go?
180 degrees
201
How do Stegosaurus and Kentrosaurus plates differ?
The kentrosaurus's plates merged into tail spike at the hips, unlike the stegosaurus's tail spikes that only had 4 tail spikes
202
How do Stegosaurus and Kentrosaurus shoulders differ?
kentrosaurus had huge shoulder spikes.
203
What features do the nodosauridae have? (4 things)
  • numerous spikes,
  • no tail club
  • longer narrow skulls
  • simple nasal passages
204
What features do the Ankylosauridae have? (6 things)
  • few or no spikes
  • tail club
  • wider skulls with even more dermal plates on skull
  • complex nasal passages
  • triangular bony horns
  • bony eyelids osteoderms on eyelids
205
What are the main features of the hatchling Triceratops? (3 options)
  • small brow horns
  • small frill
  • unfused epoccipitals
206
What are the main features of the juvenile Triceratops? (2 options)
  • larger brow horns pointed back
  • fused epoccipitals
207
What are the main features of the sub adult Triceratops? (2 options)
  • larger brow horns facing forwards
  • epoccipitals begin to flatten
208
What are the main features of the adult Triceratops? (3 things)
  • still has bid brow horns
  • significant nasal horn
  • epoccipitals completely flattened
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