1what is a problem ?
the gap between current state and goal state , without prior specification of how to get there
2what is Edward Thorndike theory ?
trial and error
1. well defined
2. ill defined
3what is the well deined state ?
goal and steps are clearly defined
4what is the ill defined state ?
not one gol
not specific steps
required creativity and out of the box thinking
5what are heuristics ?
rules of thumb that are based on expirince
6are heuristics useful ?
useful but cold genrate erros
7what tipe of information are heuristics ?
bottm up
8what is an algorithm ?
finite number of steps that asure you will get to the final goal
9what are the problem solving startegies ?
1. restructuring
2. incubation
3. means and analysis
4. analogy
10what is the Gestalt approach ?
problem lies in how it is represented
11what is the solution of the Gestalt approach ?
reorganise the porblem
12what does Eureka mean ?
sudden insight
13what is an insight ?
sudden comprehension or realisation
14for which types of problem does resturcturing work ?
doesn't work for algorithmic problems
works for perceptual problems
15what is one problem that can be resolved by resturcturing ?
chessboard problem
16what are possible problem changes that lead to insight ?
1. Constraint relaxation
2. Re encoding
3. Elaboration
17what is constraint relaxation ?
getting rid of assumptions of what is allowed when stated in the problem
18what is re encoding ?
some aspect of the problem is reinterpreted
19what is elaboration ?
new information is added to the representation
20what is incubation strategy ?
incubation and sleep
problem is put aside for some time
21why does incubation work ?
strategies are forgotten → we strive to fing new approach
22what are means ends analysis ?
the use if subgoals to get to the solution
23why do we use subgoals ?
defining the steps seems to diminish the gap between the current state and desired state
24what is the analogy approach ?
recognising problems that are similar
25what was Karl Duckerman's analogy theory ?
tumour treated with high radiation destroys healthy tissue
Solution multiple small beams of radiation pointed at tumour
Is facilitated when given a story that can be used as an analogy for the solution
especially if told to use it as an analogy
26how do we apply analogies ?
Noticing the analogous relationship between source and target problem
Mapping separate points of one problem to the next
Applying mapping to the solution
27what re possible limitations of problem solving ?
1. functional fixness
2. lack of expertise
3. fixed mental set
28what is functional fixness ?
using unappropiate stategy when it does not work
often used depite drawbacks
29what is one exmaple of function fixnes ?
Luchin's water jug problem ( fill with an amount )
solution was different form the previous solutions' pattern
30what is Valee Tourangeau et al theory ?
if the problem is interavtive allows for variatin in solution
31what is functional fixness ?
the usual function does not deserve the problem ( the candle problem )
32what is the candle problem ?
functional fixness : the box of pins can deserve as a holder of the candle not only the holder of pins
33what is the lack of expertise problem ?
People with expertise are better at grouping problems based on structure (chunking and
relationships) instead of appearance
34what is the Baysisan problem solving ?
alsweys cswitch to the second option
what is the Baysian formula ?