1Alliteration
The repetition of a consonant, especially at the beginning of words
2Allusion
A literary, historical or mythological reference
3Anaphora
The repetition of a word or words at the start of phrases or clauses
4Antithesis
Arrangement of contrasting words or ideas
5Apostrophe
When the author directly addresses one of his characters, or when a character addresses a thing or person not expected to hear the address (e.g. when Turnus addresses his spear)
6Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds
7Asyndeton
The omission of conjunctions where they would naturally occur
8Chiasmus
Pairs of words where the order of the second pair reverses the order of the first
9Enjambment
Completion of a sentence at the start of the following line
10Hendiadys
The use of two nouns to express one idea
11Hyperbole
A deliberate exaggeration of the facts to make a point
12Imagery
The use of words which involve the senses
13Irony
A statement of apparent fact with the clear intention of indicating the opposite
14Juxtaposition
Placement of words next to each other for effect
15Litotes
The use of understatement with a negative to emphasise meaning
16Metaphor
An implied comparison
17Metonymy
The use of a related word instead of a word e.g. Mars (god of war) instead of war
18Onomatopoeia
The use of a word or words whose sound suggests their meaning
19Oxymoron
Use of words which are apparently contradictory
20Paradox
An apparently contradictory statement which actually makes a point
21Pathos
The use of words to evoke feelings of pity or sympathy
22Personification
Treating things or ideas as persons
23Repetition
A word or phrase is used more than once
24Simile
The likening of one thing to another
25Sound effects
Words can be used to create sounds
26Synchisis
Interlocked word order, typically of nouns with adjectives
27Synecdoche
The use of a part of a thing to suggest the whole e.g. keel for a ship
28Transferred epithet
An adjective transferred from the noun to which it should apply to an accompanying noun
29Tricolon
A series of three phrases, clauses or sentences, often of increasing length
30Word order
The position of words used to create an effect