Industrial Microbiology and Genetic Engineering
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1
What is industrial microbiology?
The use of microorganisms to produce useful products.
2
What is a fermenter?
A large tank used to grow microorganisms in large quantities and harvest their products.
3
Which fungus is used commercially to produce citric acid?
<i>Aspergillus niger</i>.
4
What can citric acid produced by microbes be used for?
Food preservation and flavoring.
5
Where do many antibiotics originally come from?
Microorganisms, especially fungi and bacteria.
6
How can microbes be used in vaccine production?
They can produce large quantities of vaccine components that can be harvested and purified.
7
What is Bt toxin?
A protein-based insecticide produced by <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>.
8
What insects does Bt toxin affect?
Certain insect larvae, including caterpillars.
9
How can Bt be used in agriculture?
Its toxin gene can be engineered into crops to provide insect resistance.
10
What is bioremediation?
The use of microorganisms to break down or remove environmental pollutants.
11
How can microbes be used in cleaning products?
They can produce enzymes such as amylases and proteases that help break down stains.
12
What does streptokinase do?
It helps break down blood clots.
13
What are restriction enzymes used for in biotechnology?
They cut DNA at particular recognition sequences.
14
What are DNA polymerases used for?
They synthesize new DNA strands.
15
What is genetic engineering?
The deliberate modification of an organism’s genetic material.
16
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA formed by joining genetic material from different sources.
17
What is gene cloning?
Making many copies of a particular gene or DNA sequence.
18
What is a common vector used in bacterial gene cloning?
A plasmid.
19
What is the purpose of a cloning vector?
To carry a DNA sequence into a host cell so it can be copied.
20
What does a restriction enzyme do during gene cloning?
It cuts the DNA insert and vector at specific sequences.
21
What does DNA ligase do during gene cloning?
It joins DNA fragments by sealing the DNA backbone.
22
What is the purpose of inserting a gene into a plasmid?
The plasmid can carry the gene into a host cell for replication or expression.
23
What is transformation in genetic engineering?
The introduction of foreign DNA, such as a recombinant plasmid, into a host cell.
24
Why are bacteria often used as host cells in gene cloning?
They can reproduce quickly and copy recombinant plasmids.
25
Why is an antibiotic-resistance gene sometimes included in a plasmid?
It allows researchers to select cells that have taken up the plasmid.
26
How does antibiotic selection identify transformed cells?
Cells carrying the resistance marker survive on antibiotic-containing medium while susceptible cells do not.
27
What is PCR?
Polymerase chain reaction, a method for making many copies of a specific DNA sequence.
28
What is the purpose of PCR?
To amplify a selected DNA region.
29
What is the role of DNA polymerase in PCR?
It builds new DNA strands using existing strands as templates.
30
Why are engineered microbes grown in large quantities?
To produce large amounts of a desired product.
31
What human products can engineered microorganisms produce?
Examples discussed include human growth hormone and insulin.
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