Lecture 10 — Acquired Immunity and Vaccines
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1
What is acquired immunity?
Immunity developed through exposure to antigens or by receiving immune components from another source.
2
What are the two ways acquired immunity can be classified?
By how it is acquired and by whether the recipient's own immune system responds.
3
What is naturally acquired immunity?
Immunity gained unintentionally through ordinary exposure or transfer from a mother.
4
What is artificially acquired immunity?
Immunity gained through an intentional medical intervention.
5
What is active immunity?
Immunity in which the recipient's own adaptive immune system responds.
6
What is passive immunity?
Immunity gained by receiving antibodies made by another individual or produced elsewhere.
7
What is naturally acquired passive immunity?
Antibodies transferred naturally from mother to child.
8
How does a mother transfer IgG antibodies to a fetus?
Across the placenta.
9
How can a mother transfer antibodies to a nursing infant?
Through breast milk, especially early milk called colostrum.
10
Which antibody is prominent in colostrum?
IgA.
11
What is artificially acquired passive immunity?
Receiving prepared antibodies from another person, animal, or laboratory source.
12
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Developing immunity after becoming infected and mounting an immune response.
13
What is artificially acquired active immunity?
Developing immunity after vaccination.
14
What are the four categories of acquired immunity?
Naturally acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired active, and artificially acquired passive.
15
What is the primary immune response?
The first adaptive response to an antigen.
16
How long can it take for a primary antibody response to become substantial?
About two weeks, as described in the lecture.
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What is the secondary immune response?
A faster and stronger response after a later exposure to the same antigen.
18
Why is the secondary immune response faster?
Memory B and T cells formed during the first exposure can respond rapidly.
19
What is the purpose of vaccination?
To expose the immune system to antigens so it develops protection and memory without causing the disease being prevented.
20
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
A vaccine containing a weakened pathogen that can replicate but normally does not cause disease.
21
What is one advantage of live attenuated vaccines?
They often produce a strong immune response.
22
What is a potential risk of some live attenuated vaccines?
The weakened pathogen may rarely revert toward a disease-causing form.
23
What is an inactivated vaccine?
A vaccine containing a pathogen that has been killed so it cannot replicate.
24
What is a subunit vaccine?
A vaccine containing selected parts of a pathogen rather than the whole organism.
25
How can genetic engineering help make a subunit vaccine?
A gene encoding an antigen can be placed in another organism so the antigen can be produced and purified.
26
What is a toxoid vaccine?
A vaccine made with an inactivated toxin that retains recognizable antigenic features.
27
Which vaccines are examples of toxoid vaccines?
Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
28
Why are toxoid vaccines useful?
They stimulate antibodies that can neutralize the pathogen's toxin.
29
What is a conjugate vaccine?
A vaccine that links a weakly immunogenic antigen to a stronger carrier antigen.
30
Why are conjugate vaccines made?
The carrier helps the immune system produce a stronger response to the attached antigen.
31
What is an adjuvant?
A vaccine ingredient that boosts the immune response to the vaccine antigen.
32
How can an adjuvant strengthen a vaccine response?
It can help preserve antigen or stimulate innate immune signals that support adaptive immunity.
33
How do mRNA vaccines work?
They deliver messenger RNA instructions so the recipient's cells produce a target antigen.
34
What antigen did the lecture use as an example for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines?
The coronavirus spike protein.
35
What happens after cells produce a vaccine-encoded antigen?
The immune system recognizes it and develops an adaptive response and memory.
36
What is a serological reaction?
A test that detects an interaction between an antigen and an antibody.
37
What are the basic components needed for many serological tests?
A specific antigen, serum or antibodies, and an indicator that reveals binding.
38
What is a neutralization reaction?
An antibody binds a toxin or pathogen and prevents it from causing its usual effect.
39
What is an agglutination reaction?
Antibodies cross-link particles or cells, causing them to clump together.
40
What is a precipitation reaction?
Antibodies bind soluble antigens and form visible insoluble complexes.
41
What is a labeled-antibody test?
A test that uses antibodies tagged with a detectable label, such as an enzyme or fluorescent marker.
42
How can an antibody neutralize a virus?
It can bind viral attachment proteins and prevent the virus from entering host cells.
43
How can an antibody neutralize an AB toxin?
It can block the toxin's binding subunit from attaching to its host-cell receptor.
44
What is antibody-mediated opsonization?
Antibodies coat a pathogen so phagocytes can bind the antibody and engulf the pathogen.
45
What is antibody-mediated agglutination useful for?
Clumping pathogens together so they are easier to clear.
46
What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
A process in which immune cells such as natural killer cells destroy antibody-coated target cells.
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