Unit 1 - Molecular Biology

Phosphate Group, Pentose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

Hydrogen Bonds

G1 (growth phase), S (DNA synthesis phase), G2 (cell prepares for division)

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

G1 (cell size and DNA damage check), G2 (DNA replication and damage check), M (DNA aligned correctly)

Prepares for duplication of DNA to create daughter cells through mitosis

Process by which DNA creates a copy of itself

Unzips DNA by breaking Hydrogen bonds

Bind to exposed DNA single strands

Regulates unwinding of DNA

Creates a new strand by pairing complementary bases to template strands

Adds a short segment of nucleotides (primers) to make RNA

Fragments of DNA formed from the lagging strand

Joins Okazaki Fragments together

Helicase unwinds double helix

SSBs stabilize DNA strands while DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides and binds sugars and phosphates

Leading strand is synthesized

Lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously and results in short sections being copied - Okazaki Fragments

Okazaki Fragments are joined together by DNA Ligase

Cell grows, DNA replicates

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

DNA forms chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears, spindles form

Spindles pull chromosomes to the middle

Chromosomes are pulled apart

Chromosomes reach the poles and nuclear membrane reforms

Cytoplasm divides, forming 2 separate cells

Programmed cell death to prevent caner cells from growing

DNA replicators, such as DNA Polymerase, etc.

DNA molecule is copied into complementary strand of RNA

Messenger RNA transcribed from DNA

RNA Polymerase attaches to DNA at a special sequence and signals to begin transcription

DNA strands are unzipped - one strand serves as a template

RNA bases attach to the complementary DNA

RNA Polymerase releases new mRNA molecule which takes the code to the ribosomes

Occurs after transcription where introns are taken out of mRNA to leave exons to code for proteins

snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) bind to the intron, forcing ends to bind together

Spliceosomal complex cuts the mRNA at the beginning of the intron and exon

The exons are joined together and move out of the nucleus through nuclear pores

Process of decoding a mRNA molecule into a protein in ribosomes

A combination of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA

Transfer RNA, holds amino acids and binds to the anticodon of mRNA to code amino acids for polypeptide chains

Polypeptide amino acid chain

Unique to each amino acid, determines the relationship the amino acid has to other amino acids and the space around it (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc.)

Local folds created by interactions on the backbone, does not involve R Groups

Overall 3D structure of an amino acid polypeptide chain, where interactions based on R groups occur

Only occurs when a protein contains more than one amino acid polypeptide chain

Carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen, R group (side chain)