1What does the Mononuclear Phagocyte System refer to?
collection of dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages distributed throughout the body
2Another name for Mononuclear Phagocyte System?
reticuloendothelial system
3microglial cells are
macrophages in brain
4Kupffer cells are
macrophages in the liver
5Dendritic cell location and role in Mononuclear Phagocyte System
located in subcutaneous and submucosal tissues
antigen presentation
migrate quickly to lymphoid tissue
6Primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow and thymus gland
7T lymphocytes go where for development
Thymus
8B lymphocytes and NK cells go where for development
stay in bone marrow
9secondary lymphoid organs
tonsils
spleen
lymph nodes
peyers patches
10Location of thymus, how does its size change over time
located in anterior mediastinum
atrophies after puberty
11What does thymus produce
IL-7 (cytokine that promotes T-cell proliferation)
12What is differnt about the drainage system of tonsils?
no afferent lymphatic vessels
has efferent lymphatic vessels (enables activated lymphocytes to migrate to other lymphoid organs)
13Where are lymphocytes within spleen located? role?
within white pulp, come into contact with bloodborne antigens
14Where are macrophages within spleen located? role?
within red pulp (blood filled sinses) filter out old RBCs and foreign substances
15What immune cells are located within the lymph nodes?
B & T lymphocytes
macrophages
16Other names for Peyer patches? locations?
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
GALT (gut-associated lymphopid tissue)
located within gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogential tracts
17Difference in structure between Peyer Patches & lymph nodes
Peyer patches: not encapsulated with CT, smaller and egg shaped, considered first line of defence & contain aggregated lympohid follicles, mostly contain B cells
Lymph nodes: encapsulated with CT, larger, filter lymph, contain B and T cells
18Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) account for % of circulating WBC's
60-80%
19How does amount of nuetrophils in bone marrow compare to circulating?
more neutrophils in bone marrow (ten-fold)
20halflife of released circulating neutrophils?
4-10 hrs
21What two receptors found on neutrophils enable their adherence to capillary surface
L-selectins
chemokines
22Role of neutrophils in inflammation
appear first, carry out phagocytosis
23Role of lymphocytes in inflammation?
help initiate immune response
24Role of Monocytes (macrophages) in inflammation?
carry out phagocytosis
25Role of eosinophils in inflammation?
assist with parasitic infections, help initiate allergic rx
26Role of Basophils in inflammation
contain histamine, mediate type 1 allergic rx, help initiate inflammation
27% of lymphocytes circulating
20-30%
28% of Monocytes (macrophages) circulating
3-8%
29% of eosinophils circulating
1-6%
30% of basophils circulating
0-2%
31Life cycle of eosinophils?
arise from myeloid stem cells
undergo maturation (3-6 dys)
half-life 12 dys
recruited to areas of inflammation by chemokine eotaxin (produced by epithelial cells)
release inflammatory chemicals (lysosomal enzymes, peroxidase, major basic protein, cationic protein)
32Purpose of eosinophils?
kill parasitic helminths (worms)
they recognize helminths that have been opsonized with IgE
33once basophils migrate into connective tissue they are called ______
mast cells
34can mast cells (basophils in connective tissue) reenter circulation
nope
35when do mature basophils migrate into CT
when stiulated by cytokines
36general structure of basophils?
IgE receptors, contain granules (that release proinflammatory chemicals upon stimulation)
37lifespan of basophils and mast cells?
basophils (days)
mast (months)
38how long do monocytes circulate in bloodstream before entering tissue to become macrophages
3 dys
39can macrophages migrate in and out of tissues? capable of proliferation?
yes and yes (at site of inflammation)
40general structure of macrophages?
covered in Fc receptor proteins
selectins, chemokine receptors, integrins (help bind to proteins in ECM)
later (help with adherence to capillary walls)
41What cytokines are secreted by macrophages? role
IL-1
IL-6
IL-12
TNF-alpha
-all promote inflammation and help recruit neutrophils and lymphocytes
42What chemicals secreted by macrophages assist with degradation of tissue?
collagenase
elastase
plaminogen activator
43What chemicals secreted by macrophages assist with growth of new granulation tissue?
fibroblast growth factor
angiogenic factors
44What role do macrophages play in antigen presentation?
through phagocytosis they combib antigen fragments with membrane proteins and display on sruface
help acctivate T lymphocytes
45Role of Toll-like recepotrs, where are they found
recognized patterns of microbial components and trigger intracellular signaling cascades
found on macrophage surface
46List patterns of microbial components
IFN-gamma
IL
LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
47What do Type 1 interferons do?
suppress viral replication machienery in cells
48three major types of lymphocytes?
NK cells (innate immunity)
T cells (adaptive immunity)
B cells (adaptive immunity)
49What do NK cells recognize and how?
recognize tumor cells and virally infected cells (by what's displayed on MHC1
via antibody coated target cells
carry out antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity on cells without MHC I
50How are T lymphocytes distinguished from one another?
presence or absence of CD4 and CD8 surface proteins
subclasses based on cytokines secreased
51CD8+ cells are considered _____cells
cytotoxic cells
52B lymphocytes are able to produce
antibodies
53B cells general structure
prescene of antibody like receptors on cell surface (BCR)
54Where do memory B cells and plasma cells develop?
in germinal centers within secondary lymphoid organs
55involves 30 plasma proteins that interact to enhance inflammation, chemotaxis, lysis of target cells
complement proteins are synthesized in liver as well as by macrophages and neutrophils
inactive complement proteins circulate in blood until activated via classical, alternative, or lectin pathway
56general pathway of complement proteins
cell lysis, phagocytosis by opsonization, inflammation, and chemotaxis
57How is classical pathway of complement system activated?
IgG or IgM antibody antigen complex
58what can activate alternative pathway of complement system?
LPS (lipopolysaccharides) or bacterial endotoxcin