Social Science

Settled along Atlantic, farmed Three Sisters (corn, beans, squash); first natives to encounter Europeans (Powhatan in VA, Wampanoags opposed Puritans: King Phillip's War)

Alliance between 5 Nations (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca); geographical advantages: distance from colonies, controlled Great Lakes

Representatives from 7 colonies met in NY to debate relations with French & natives, sought treaty with Iroquois; model for future revolutionary assemblies

Ben Franklin: colonial government to send delegates to a council; first effort for colonial unity but was rejected

VA governor Robert Dinwidde sent George Washington to tell French to leave forts & went home when they refused; came back a year later & attacked a scouting party (won in the attack but lost at Fort Necessity)

UK & Spain divided French colonies (UK got Quebec & Ohio Valley, Spain got New Orleans & west of Mississippi river), France kept Caribbean

Natives who supported French in 7 Years' War united against UK (Chief Pontiac); Ottawa, Shawnee, Wyandot, Seneca, Cayuga, & Delaware attacked UK forts & settlers in Ohio Country; multiple forts fell to natives before Pontiac's surrender

American expansion restricted to prevent further conflict w/ natives: no settlement west of Appalachians, no purchase of Native lands (disobeyed constantly)

tax on stamped paper from London (legal documents) & paid in UK currency; first direct tax on the colonies

Reps from all colonies except NH, NC, GA, and VA met in New York to discuss the tax (Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier stopped VA from attending so they made Stamp Act Resolves in May 1765)

Touted idea of virtual representation (criticized by brother-in-law William Pitt and Daniel Dulaney Jr.)

UK Chancellor of Exchequer Charles Townshend: tax on imported goods to pay governor salaries; colonies hated losing control over governor payment

reaction to Townshend Acts: Boston merchants boycotted UK goods

No Boston imports until ruined tea paid for, MA charter repealed: 1 town meeting & more royal governor power, Quartering Act, Quebec Act: Quebec boundary expanded & Catholicism recognized

Genral Gage planned to seize Patriot leaders (plans leaked and they fled); Paul Revere's lanterns in Boston's Old North Church steeple; UK searched for weapons & supplies, fell back, & headed to Boston

General Hower sailed to NY to negotiate but was rejected: ended up seizing NYC but lost oppurtunity to destroy US army (exploits of Hamilton gave him position as Washington's aide)

Washington crossing the Delaware on Christmas

General Howe wanted to take PA & Hudson to blockade New England (General Burgoyne planned on meeting Howe in Albany but was abandoned); little loyalist/Native support in Saratoga and British surrendered

Slaves who joined the British army would be freed

injured leg at Battle of Saratoga and felt neglected, betrayed US & defected to British

group of spies run by Washington & Major Benjamin Tallmadge (included Hercules Mulligan, enslaved Cato, Sally Townsend, Mary Underhill)

Washington & Rochambeau sent armies south, Cornwallis fortified Yorktown & French vessels met forces in VA; Washington surrounded Cornwallis resulted in surrender

PA militia murdered 96 Natives at a Moravian mission in Gnadhutten, OH

Adams, Franklin, Jay, & Henry Laurens represented US; Comte de Vergennes proposed US, UK, & Spain divide North American territory so Jay decided to negotiate with Britain instead of France; Peace of Paris recognized US independence & ended the war

20% of colonial population: wealthy plantation owners, port merchants (needed UK trade network)

40-45% of colonial population

wife of Henry Knox who wrote of high prices during the Revolution

Loyalist woman who George Washington took pity on and let join her husband in NY

Loyalist who was an interpreter in Ohio Valley for Iroqouis

Black soldier part of a mission to capture British General Richard Prescott

slave who spied on British for Americans but unable to earn freedom in VA after the war because he wasn't considered a soldier; Lafayette petitioned for his freedom & Armistead added to his name

kept alliance between Iroquois & British until his death in 1774

Oneida and most other Natives refused to join Revolution (became impossible to maintain)

John Dickinson led reconciliation effort (Jefferson's first draft was too inflammatory)

Written by Jefferson on why the colonies took up arms: taxation without representation, Intolerable & Declatory Acts

issuedby KG3: colonies considered to be in open rebellion & war

John & Samuel Adams, Richard Lee proposed independence at a VA convention

John Adams MA, Jefferson VA, Franklin PA, Roger Sherman CT, Robert Livingston NY; made Declaration of Independence (Jefferson wrote first draft, Adams edited)

land ceded by UK in Treaty of Paris to be separated into states, slavery prohibited (suggested by Jefferson)

MA had no debtor relief laws: farmers revolted in Boston and shut down courts in MA (led by Daniel Shay & Luke Day); General Lincoln's militia shut down the rebellion

55 delegates from 12 states met in PA (RI wasn't there); wanted national gov't that could deal with major problems, presided by Washington

James Madison: national supremacy over state soveriegnty, bicameral legislature based on population, POTUS & SCOTUS

unicameral legislature with 1 vote per state

bicameral legislature w/ population-based House of Reps and state-based Senate

Hamilton included a whiskey tax in his finanacial plan which let distillers to revolt; Washington sent peace commission which failed until the milita was called for

French foreign minister demanded bribes from American diplomats which outraged the public

French privateer captured US ship & angered President Adams resulting in 2 years of tensions and small skirmishes

power to deport foreigners & hard for new immigrants to vote; criminalized malicious writings against gov't officials (Democratic-Republican editors were arrested)

landowning woman who petitioned MD General Assembly to be able to vote in their council

founded first female seminary in Troy, NY (opened academies throughout US)

slave who preached to other slaves in Savannah and was arrested & whipped

wrote of the predjudice in white churchs and was asked to leave congregation, founded African Methodist Episcopal Church