11. What is the practice of inhaling powder from smallpox scabs to prevent infection called?
Variolation
22. Who developed the smallpox vaccine using cowpox material?
Dr. Edward Jenner
33. What process did Dr. Louis Pasteur use to develop vaccines?
Attenuation
44. What is another name for innate immunity?
Natural immunity
55. How does innate immunity respond to pathogens?
Nonspecifically and immediately
66. What is a key feature of adaptive immunity?
Specificity for each antigen
77. What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity and Humoral-mediated immunity
88. What are granulocytes?
Types of white blood cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
99. Where are all leukocytes produced?
In the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
1010. What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign particles
1111. What percentage of WBCs in peripheral blood are eosinophils?
1% to 4%
1212. What do basophils release that induces and maintains allergic reactions?
Histamine
1313. How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?
By processing and presenting antigens to T cells and producing cytokines
1414. What is the role of mast cells in the immune system?
Induce and maintain allergic reactions
1515. What distinguishes dendritic cells in the immune system?
They are the most potent phagocytic cells and most effective antigen-presenting cells
1616. What is the main role of B cells in the adaptive immune system?
Antibody production
1717. What types of T cells help stimulate B cells and assist in cell-mediated immunity?
Helper T cells (CD4+)
1818. What do natural killer (NK) cells target?
Virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior exposure
1919. What is the primary function of the spleen?
To filter blood and manage immune responses
2020. Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
2121. What is the function of lymph nodes?
To filter lymph and facilitate interaction between lymphocytes and antigens
2222. What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
2323. What does CALT refer to?
Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue
2424. How does the external defense system protect the body?
Through anatomical barriers and secretions that prevent microorganism entry
2525. What is the role of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity?
To recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate phagocytic cells
2626. What are acute-phase reactants?
Proteins that increase in response to infection, injury, or trauma
2727. What is the main process enhanced by opsonins like CRP?
Phagocytosis
2828. How do natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill target cells?
By detecting the absence of “self” MHC class I or recognizing antibody-coated target cells