Evidence (Rules of Court 128-129)

The means sanctioned by the Rules of Court for ascertaining the truth respecting a matter of fact in a judicial proceeding.

Relevance to the issue and absence of a constitutional, statutory, or procedural exclusion.

Evidence having a tendency in reason to prove or disprove a fact in issue.

Evidence concerning a fact not directly in issue; it is generally inadmissible unless it reasonably tends to establish a material fact.

Admissibility determines whether evidence may be considered; weight concerns its persuasive value.

A court's recognition of certain facts without requiring formal proof, under Rule 129.

Recognition without proof of matters the court is legally required to notice, such as Philippine political history and official acts of government branches.

Recognition of matters of public knowledge, unquestionable demonstration, or matters judges ought to know because of judicial functions.

An admission made by a party in pleadings, during trial, or in other proceedings of the same case.

It ordinarily requires no proof and binds the admitting party, subject to recognized exceptions.

Evidence addressed to the senses of the court, including physical objects presented for examination.

Documents offered as proof of their contents or of facts relevant to the case.

When the contents of a document are in issue, the original is generally required unless an exception applies.

When a recognized exception applies and its foundational requirements are established.

A duplicate is generally admissible to the same extent as an original unless authenticity is genuinely questioned or admission would be unfair.

When an agreement is reduced to writing, its terms generally control over outside evidence, subject to properly raised exceptions.

To establish that the document is what its proponent claims it to be.

A document falling within the rule's categories, including specified official acts, public records, and notarized documents.

A document that does not qualify as a public document under the evidence rules.

Through a witness who saw its execution or writing, evidence of the signature's authenticity, or other recognized methods.

Evidence given by a competent witness through testimony under the applicable rules.

A person capable of perceiving and communicating the perception, subject to specific disqualifications or privileges.

No. Competence depends on the ability to perceive, remember, and communicate relevant facts.

A witness generally testifies to facts learned through the witness's own perception.

An out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

No. Some statements are not offered for their truth, and others fall within exclusions or exceptions.

An out-of-court statement offered to prove that it was made or its effect, rather than the truth of its contents.

A party's act, declaration, or omission relevant against that party, subject to the governing rule.

A statement made during and in furtherance of a conspiracy, admissible against another conspirator when the required foundation is established.

A statement concerning the cause or circumstances of the declarant's impending death, made under consciousness of impending death and within the rule's conditions.

A statement by an unavailable declarant that was sufficiently contrary to the declarant's interest when made, under the rule's requirements.

A statement relating to a startling event made while the declarant remains under the stress of excitement caused by it.

Admission of qualifying records made and kept in the regular course of business under the rule's foundational requirements.

Admission of qualifying entries in official records made by a public officer in the performance of duty or by a person specially enjoined by law.

Admission of qualifying prior testimony of an unavailable witness when the adverse party previously had an opportunity and similar motive to develop it.

A limited exception for trustworthy statements meeting specified necessity, materiality, notice, and interests-of-justice requirements.

Protection of qualifying confidential communications between lawyer and client made in the course of professional engagement.

Protection of specified confidential medical communications and information in civil cases, subject to the rule's conditions.

Protection of qualifying confidential communications received by one spouse from the other during marriage.

A rule restricting testimony by one spouse for or against the other during marriage without consent, subject to exceptions.

One protects qualifying confidential marital communications; the other restricts certain testimony during an existing marriage.

The initial questioning of a witness by the party presenting that witness.

Questioning by the adverse party to test testimony, credibility, and relevant matters within the permitted scope.

A question suggesting the answer the examining party desires.

During cross-examination and in other situations expressly allowed by Rule 132.

Challenging a witness's credibility through methods authorized by the Rules of Evidence.

The formal identification of evidence and the purpose for which it is presented for the court's consideration.

The duty to establish a claim or defense by the quantum of evidence required by law.

The duty to produce sufficient evidence to establish or rebut a fact in issue as the case progresses.

Relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.