NASM Section 4: Fitness Assessments
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1
Pes planus distortion
syndrome (Overactive Muscles)
syndrome (Overactive Muscles)
- Gastrocnemius and soleus (calves)
- Adductor complex (inner thighs)
-Hip flexors (muscles near front of hips)
- Adductor complex (inner thighs)
-Hip flexors (muscles near front of hips)
2
Pes planus distortion
syndrome (Underactive Muscles)
syndrome (Underactive Muscles)
-Anterior and posterior tibialis (shin muscles)
-Gluteus maximus and medius (butt muscles)
-Gluteus maximus and medius (butt muscles)
3
Lower crossed
syndrome (Overactive Muscles)
syndrome (Overactive Muscles)
-Hip flexors
-Lumbar extensors (low-back muscles)
-Lumbar extensors (low-back muscles)
4
Lower crossed
syndrome (Underactive Muscles)
syndrome (Underactive Muscles)
- Gluteus maximus and medius
- Hamstring complex
- Abdominals
- Hamstring complex
- Abdominals
5
Upper crossed
syndrome (Overactive Muscles)
syndrome (Overactive Muscles)
- Pectoralis major and minor (chest muscles)
- Levator scapula and sternocleidomastoid (neck muscles)
- Upper trapezius
- Levator scapula and sternocleidomastoid (neck muscles)
- Upper trapezius
6
Upper crossed
syndrome (Underactive Muscles)
syndrome (Underactive Muscles)
- Middle and lower trapezius, rhomboids (mid-back muscles)
- Deep cervical flexors (muscle deep within the neck)
- Deep cervical flexors (muscle deep within the neck)
7
Overhead Squat Assesment: Feet Turn Out (Overactive Muscles)
- Gastrocnemius/soleus (calves)
- Hamstrings complex
- Hamstrings complex
8
Overhead Squat Assesment: Feet Turn Out (Underactive Muscles)
- Anterior and posterior tibialis (shin muscles)
- Gluteus maximus and medius
- Gluteus maximus and medius
9
Overhead Squat Assesment: Knee Valgus (Overactive Muscles)
- Tensor fascia latae (TFL)(muscle near front of hip)
- Adductor complex (inner thigh muscles)
- Adductor complex (inner thigh muscles)
10
Overhead Squat Assesment: Knee Valgus (Underactive Muscles)
- Gluteus maximus and medius
- Anterior and posterior tibialis
- Anterior and posterior tibialis
11
Overhead Squat Assesment: Low-back arches (Overactive Muscles)
• Hip flexors (rectus femoris, psoas, TFL)
• Lumbar extensors (low-back muscles)
• Latissimus dorsi (large back muscle)
• Lumbar extensors (low-back muscles)
• Latissimus dorsi (large back muscle)
12
Overhead Squat Assesment: Low-back arches (Underactive Muscles)
• Gluteus maximus
• Hamstrings complex
• Abdominals
• Hamstrings complex
• Abdominals
13
Overhead Squat Assesment: Excessive forward trunk lean (Overactive Muscles)
• Hip flexors
• Gastrocnemius/soleus
• Rectus abdominis and external obliques (superficial abdominal
muscles)
• Gastrocnemius/soleus
• Rectus abdominis and external obliques (superficial abdominal
muscles)
14
Overhead Squat Assesment: Excessive forward trunk lean (Underactive Muscles)
• Gluteus maximus
• Hamstrings complex
• Lumbar extensors
• Hamstrings complex
• Lumbar extensors
15
Overhead Squat Assesment: Arms fall foward (Overactive Muscles)
• Latissimus dorsi
• Pectoralis major and minor (chest muscles)
• Teres major (posterior shoulder muscle)
• Pectoralis major and minor (chest muscles)
• Teres major (posterior shoulder muscle)
16
Overhead Squat Assesment: Arms fall foward (Underactive Muscles)
• Middle and lower trapezius (mid-back muscle)
• Rhomboids (muscles near shoulder blades)
• Posterior deltoids (back of shoulder muscles)
• Portions of the rotator cuff (small muscles that stabilize the
shoulder
• Rhomboids (muscles near shoulder blades)
• Posterior deltoids (back of shoulder muscles)
• Portions of the rotator cuff (small muscles that stabilize the
shoulder
17
Single-leg Squat Assessment: Kness cave in (Overactive)
• Tensor fascia latae (TFL)
• Adductor complex
• Adductor complex
18
Single-leg Squat Assessment: Kness cave in (Underactive)
• Gluteus maximus and medius
• Anterior and posterior tibialis
• Anterior and posterior tibialis
19
Pushing Assessment: Low-back archhes (Overactive)
• Hip flexors (rectus femoris, psoas, TFL)
• Lumbar extensors
• Lumbar extensors
20
Pushing Assessment: Low-back archhes (Underactive)
• Gluteus maximus
• Hamstrings complex
• Abdominals
• Hamstrings complex
• Abdominals
21
Pushing Assessment: Scapular elevation (Overactive)
• Levator scapulae (posterior neck muscles)
• Upper trapezius
• Upper trapezius
22
Pushing Assessment: Scapular elevation (Underactive)
• Lower trapezius
23
Pushing Assessment: Head juts foward (Overactive)
• Levator scapulae
• Sternocleidomastoid (anterior neck muscles)
• Sternocleidomastoid (anterior neck muscles)
24
Pushing Assessment: Head juts foward (Underactive)
• Deep cervical flexors (deep neck stabilizer muscles)
25
Pulling Assessment: Low-Back Arches (Overactive)
• Hip flexors (rectus femoris, psoas, TFL)
• Lumbar extensors
• Lumbar extensors
26
Pulling Assessment: Low-Back Arches (Underactive)
• Gluteus maximus
• Hamstrings complex
• Abdominals
• Hamstrings complex
• Abdominals
27
Pulling Assessment: Scapular Elevation (Overactive)
• Levator scapula
• Upper trapezius
• Upper trapezius
28
Pulling Assessment: Head juts foward (Overactive)
• Levator scapulae
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Sternocleidomastoid
29
Pulling Assessment: Head juts foward (Underactive)
• Deep cervical flexor
30
Durnin–Womersley Four Site Measuremnt
• Men & Women: Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac
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