1digestion purpose
reduce feed particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
2Prehension
intake of food
3mechanical breakdown
mastication (chewing) increases surface area; expedites breakdown
4chemical breakdown
HCl in the stomach, enzymes
5absorption of nutrients occurs in…
the small intestine
6assimilation of nutrients
body using nutrients for energy
7removal of indigestible food is known as
elimination
8order of digestion
prehension, breakdown, absorption of nutrients, assimilation of nutrients, removal of indigestible food
9Carnivore animals
dogs & cats
10Herbivore animals
cattle, sheep, goats, horses
11omnivore animals
humans, poultry, pigs
12digestion purpose
reduce feed particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
13monogastric animals
humans and pigs
14hind gut fermentators
horse & rabbits
15Monogastric
one, simple stomach structure
16Ruminant
four compartment stomach
17What are the four compartments of a ruminant stomach
reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
18Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
absorbed through he walls of the rumen and are then transported in the blood to the liver, then converted to sources of energy
19Prehension
bringing food to the mouth
20Mastication
chewing; crushes food, increases surface area, allows enzymes to act on molecules
21carnivores only need to chew to…
reduce the size of the particles
22Mouth
mechanical and chemical breakdown (amylase)
23Esophagus
muscular tube allowing food to pass from mouth to stomach
24Stomach
secrete acids and enzymes for digestion
25What are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
26duoenum
bile & pancreatic secretion
27jejunum
absorption of nutrients
28ileum
to slit food molecules and absorb nutrients
29large intestine
water absorption, feces formation
30rectum
end of large intestin, teminates at the anus
31rectal ampulla
temporary storage for feces
32Human & pig similarities
ominovores, cannot synthesze B complex vitamins or amino acids, can become obese
33Monogastric animals have an enlarged what?
cecum
34When do monogastric animals break down food?
after nutrient absorption
35rumen digestion order
mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine
36rumen
large fermentation vat (40 gallons in cow)
37what lines the rumen
papillae
38what happens in the rumen?
miccroorganisms digest cellulose and synthesize amino acids and B-complex vitamins
39how big is the recticulum& what does it look like?
2 gallons, honeycomb
40What does the recticulum do?
mixes contents with rumen
41hardware disease
when a cow ingests a sharp metal object that then penatrates the heart, killing the cow
42omasum
4 gallon, many fold, grinds feed
43abomasum
4 gallons, true stomach
44rumination
continious regurgitaton, chewing, swallowing
45how is cud carried back into the mouth?
by reverse peristalsis
46fluid in cud is…
squezed out with the tongue and reswallowed
47rumination takes up … of a ruminant’s day
1/3
48eructation
elimination of gasess in the rumen from fermentation
49what gases are released during eructation?
methane and carbon dioxide
50how do ruminants get rid of fermentation gases?
belching
51bloating can result in death from…
asphyxiation
52cannulated (the hole in the side) cows are used for…
reasearch purposes (studying optimizing food and digestion, forage response within the animal) and health (donor of rumen microbes)