1what is the other word for classification of living things?
Taxonomy
22 types of Physical Structure
Analogous and Homologous
3Example of Analogous
bat and bird wing, desgins arose independently
4Example of Homologous
owls and magpies wing structures, because they were derived from a common ancestral structure
5What is Homologous structures?
- Similar in anatomy, similar/dissimilar function, and inherited from a common ancestor
6What is Analogous structures?
not similar in anatomy, similar in function, not inherited from a common ancestor
7what is Homologous forelimbs?
one bone, two bones, lots of small cube like bones, several small but long bones
8Example of Homologus forelimbs
Dolphin’s flipper, bat’s wing bird’s wing, and a human arm
9What’s a Fossil Record
can help establish ancestry, not available for every organism, difficult/impossible to obtain DNA evidence from most fossils
10Genetic Similarities
much more accurate
11What does changer over time in genetic similarities?
DNA and protein sequences
12Genomic DNA sequencing
it can reveal how related two organisms are
13“Molecular clock”
Changes to DNA sequencing over time can be used as a…
14Cladogram
a diagram based on patterns or sharedelatedness derived traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms
15Phylogram
A phylogenetic tree in which the length of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages
16what are the Classification of Living Things
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
17Who developed the classification of living things?
Carl Linnaeus or Carolus Linnaeus
18Binomial system of classification
it is a system created by Linnaeus in which each species is given a two-word name; Genus+Species
19Eukarya
Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
20Animalia
Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do NOT have cell walls
21Chordata
the phylum of he animal kingdom that includes vertebrates
22mammalia
Class of mammals
23Carnivora
the order of mammals that includes seals, sea lions, walruses, and sea otters
25Ursus Americanus
species
26Who discovered the three domains of life?
Carl Woese
27What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
28Eukarya
Fungi, animals, cellular slime molds, amoebas, green algae, land plants, red algae, forearms, ciliates, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglena, typanosomes, leishmania
29Archaea
methanobacterium, halophiles, thermophoiles, and sulfolobus
30Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (pasties, including chloroplasts), green sulfur bacteria, spirochetes, chlamydia, mitochondrion, green nonsulfur bacteria
31whole-genome sequencing data
a lab procedure that determines the bases in the genome in an organism in one process
32In early evolution of the three domains of life, what the exchanged happened?
a lot of DNA exchanged between organisms
33Bacteria
small cells (1-10um)
34Bacteria
most forms are singular
36Prokaryotic cell
lack a nuclear membrane surrounding their DNA
37Bacteria
one chromosome (forms a nucleoid)
38how many chromosome does nucleoid forms?
1
39what shape is the chromosome of a bacteria?
circular
40is there a membrane-bound organelles in Bacteria?
no
41does it have a cell wall outside the cell membrane?
yes mostly
42the cell wall of bacteria contains Peptidoglycan or not
Yes
43what does the bacteria membranes composed of…
unbranched fatty acid chains
44bacteria is attached to glycerol by what type of linkage
ester linkage
45what type of reproduction does bacteria have?
Asexual reproduction common
46Asexual reproduction a.k.a
binary fission
47what is the most known pathogenic prokaryotic organisms?
bacteria
48what is spirochaetes?
gram-negatice bacteria that include those causing syphilis and Lyme disease
49whats the size of a eukarya
Large cells 100-1000um
50Eukarya has most form of
multicellular
51are all the eukarya are multicellular?
no there are some single-celled Eukarya for example is yeast.
52What is the term eukaryotic?
DNA bounded by nuclear membrane
53the genome of eukarya consists of?
several chromosomes
54are the chromosomes in eukarya linear or circular?
Linear
55what does the cell contains in eukarya?
membrane-bound organelles
56example of membrane-bound organelles in eukarya?
mitochondria
57Does Eukarya have cytoskeleton or not?
yes
58in Eukarya do they all have a cell wall?
not all
59those who do have a cell wall in Eukarya, what does it contains?
NO peptidoglycan
60what does the membranes composed of in Eukarya?
unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
61in Eukarya branched fatty acid chains is attached to? and by what linkage?
glycerol by ester linkages
62can eukarya reproduce or not?
sexual reproduction common
63In eurkaya, sexual reproduction common happens and it divided by?
mitosis and meisos
64what size is the archaea
small cells 1-15um
65archaea formation
singular
66is archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
prokaryotic
67prokaryotic
lack a nuclear membrane surrounding their DNA
68Eukaryotic
DNA bounded by nuclear membrane
69in archaea how many chromosomes does it have?
one chromosome that forms a nucleoid
70in archaea does the chromosome forms circular or linear?
circular
71is archaea contains membrane-bound organelles?
no
72does it have a cell wall inside or outside the cell membrane in archaea?
outside
73the cell wall in archaea contains peptidoglycan or not?
no peptidoglycan
74in archaea does it have a branched or unbranched ?
branched
75in archaea what branch attached to glycerol?
Hydrocarbon chains
76in archaea, branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by?
Ether Linkage
77what type of reproduction happens in archaea?
asexual reproduction binary fission
78where do archaeas often live?
extreme environments
79what could be an example of extreme environments?
extreme halophiles and hyperthermophiles
80species
the most specific level. these organisms are so similar that they can mate and reproduce with each other
81Kingdom
plantae, animalia, fungi, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria