CELL PHYSIOLOGY
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Homogenous mixture of two or more components
Solution
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Substance present in the greatest amount
Solvent
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Out of the cell
Exocytosis
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Body's main solvent
Water
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Substances dissolved in the solvent and present in smaller amounts
Solutes
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What is the composition of intracellular fluid?
Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and salts
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Bathes cells
Extracellular/Interstitial fluid
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What is the extracellular/interstitial fluid composed of?
Nutrients (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins), hormones and neurotransmitters, salts, waste products
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The plasma membrane is selectively permeable
True
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In damaged or dead cells, selective permeability is lost
True
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A membrane transport that does not require ATP
Passive transport
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A membrane transport that requires ATP
Active transport
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Diffusion
Passive transport
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Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
Diffusion
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Factors affecting diffusion
Greater concentration difference, smaller molecules, higher temperature
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A type of diffusion where no transport protein is needed
Simple diffusion
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Simple diffusion is for lipid-soluble substances such as:
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fats, fat-soluble vitamins
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Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a - membrane
Selectively permeable
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In osmosis, water passes through water channels called
Aquaporins
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Water moves from high water concentration to low water concentration
Osmosis
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Requires membrane proteins but no ATP
Facilitated diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion is used by substances that are too large, charged, and lipid-insoluble
True
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Facilitated diffusion uses:
Protein channels, carrier proteins
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Movement of water and solutes through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
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Filtration is driven by:
Pressure gradient
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Solute pumping uses carrier proteins called
Solute pumps
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What energizes solute pump?
ATP
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Solute pumping commonly transports:
Amino acids, sugars, ions
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Range of concentration in solute pumping
Low to high concentration
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Explain what happens in sodium-potassium pump
Pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
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Sodium-potassium pump requires:
ATP and phosporylation
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Sodium-potassium pump is essential for:
Nerve impulse transmission, maintaining cellular ion balance
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Moves large quantities of substances using membrane-bound vesicles
Vehicular transport
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Steps in exocytosis
Substances packaged into the cell, vesicle moves to plasma membrane, vesicle fuses with membrane, contents released outside the cell
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Endocytosis
Into the cell
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A type of endocytosis; "cell eating"
Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis uses pseudopods
True
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Phagocytosis is performed by
Macrophages and other white blood cells
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Function of phagocytosis
Defense and cleanup
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Type of endocytosis; "cell drinking"
Pinocytosis
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Pinocytosis is common in most cells
True
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Uptake of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances
Pinocytosis
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Type of endocytosis; Highly selective process; Receptors bind specific target molecules
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Examples of substances taken up by endocytosis
Cholesterol, iron, hormones, enzymes
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