bacterial structure and morph

3 Domains, Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya

2 domains, bacteria and Archae
archae is a much larger domain, with Eukaryotes being an offshoot.

Archae and Bacteria
no nucleus or organelles
Nucleoid region of DNA (coiled tightly)
70S Ribosomes (30S+50S0
Haploid (DNA from single cell that splits)

These are viruses that infect/EAT bacteria for replication

to eat

80S ribosomes (40S+60S)
Diploid (two DNA sets)
NO peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

NOT membrane enclosed
single, large circular dsDNA that is supercoiled

Storage granules, contain:
metabolites, fats, sugars, and ions

inclusion bodies will contain metals and ions

PROK: lack sterols, can be used for ETC&energy production BACTERIA will have peptidoglycan
EUK: contain sterols

positive has thick outer shell of peptidoglycan
negative has thin layer of peptidoglycan underneath a second, outermembrane.

NAG and NAM
Beta 1,4 glycosidic bond (NAG and NAM)
pentaglycine cross link between NAM's

N-acetylglucosamine (protein sugars)

N-acetylmuramic acid (protein sugars)

transglycosylase

Pentaglycine cross link
catalyzed by transpeptidase

membrane carrier that transports monomers (NAG and NAM) from cytosol to external site (for peptidoglycan building)

connects the NAM's together as pentaglycine link

Techoic acids and/or Lipoteichoic acids
(TA) (LTA)
for rigidity and infectious attributes (anchors)

periplasmic space (between the membranes)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer
NONE techoic acids

produce enzymes to resist antibiotics in gram negative bacteria

*Beta Lactamase cleaves Beta lactam ring

O antigen (antigenic)
Core Polysaccharide
Lipid A (ENDOTOXIN)

usually refers to entire LPS structure, but lipid A is main antagonist for gram negative bacteria

cells regocnize them via LPS receptors

start immune response and can induce fever or shock.

produced my macrophage to trigger immune response
communication across cells

hydrolyzes Beta 1,4 glycosydic bond between NAG and NAM
acts as antibacterial in saliva

Transpeptidase inhibition with Beta lactam ring

entire removal of cell wall

penecillin with gram positive bacteria

partial removal of cell wall

penecillin with gram negative bacteria

Slime layer
allows adhesion for biofilm formations

fix
crystal violet
iodine
decolor with alcohol
coutnerstain

crystal violet stays in due to heavy peptidoglycan layer of gram positive cells

gelatinous layer outside of the cell wall, it can "hide" peptidogycan or LPS to avoid phagocytosis
BOTH gram POSTIVE and NEGATIVE
polysaccharide

Virulence factor; increases infectivity

Some capsules are ANTIGENIC

ability to cause disease

attributes that increase disease severity or ability to infect

antibody mediated, causes swelling of capsules by identifying proteins in capsules

motility, chemotaxis

H7 indiactor in NAME. H means FLAGELLA

monotrichous
lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous

Gram positive have 2 rings, P and M (peptidoglycan and membrane)

Gram negative has 4 rings
L ring (LPS)
P ring (periplasm)
S ring (surface cytoplasmic membrane)
C ring (cytoplasm)

attachment (many of them)

Sense environment
attachment
horizontal gene transfer

Flagella>Pili>fimbrae

Fim A or H, rod or adhesion proteins

sex or fertility (F-Pili)
transfer plasmids and DNA via conjugation

injectosome, secretion channel to deliver Proteins

twitching and jerking

Oral Pathogen and biofilm formation

circular, sphere abcteria

rod shaped

paired, 2

chains

grape-like, paired in bunches