HE - fundamental concepts in evolution

Geological timescale
Chonologically organises strata and time by changes in stratigraphy that correspond to major events
Used to determine age of rocks

Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene

Apes emerged
Last common ancester we share with chimps and bonobos was alive towards the end of this epoch

Original horizontality
Superposition (lower down = older)
Original lateral continuity (idea that layers of a sediment should expand in all direction until it meets an obstacle)
Cross-cutting relationships (geological process cutting through rocks = youngest rocks)

Variation in population
Heritable traits
Differential success of reproduction (reproductive fitness)
Time

Differences in traits between members of a population

Group of organisms of 1 species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

Mutation
Migration (gene flow)

Genetic makeup

Observable characteristics
Genotype + environment

How successful an organism is in passing on its genes to offspring

Random genetic drift

Biological
Ecological
Phylogenetic
Evolutionary

Group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding with one another in nature and producing fertile offspring

Hamadyrus baboon and olive baboon considered separate species
BUT can produce fertile hybrids
Doesn't follow bio species concept

Group of organisms that share the same ecological niche (interactions within an ecosystem)

Hamadyrus baboon and olive baboon considered separate species
Hamadyrus:
- Arid habitats
- 1 male units (harems)
Olive:
- Rainforests
- Multi-male multi-female

Populations/lineages that can be diagnosed by a unique combination of character states

2 different species of Papio
Differences in temporal line
Papio hamadyrus = anterior
Papio anubis = normal

Lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own evolutionary role and tendencies

When a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics

Allopatric
Parapatric
Sympatric

2 sub populations of a species
Some reproductive isolation but continue to interbreed, causing some allele exchange

Description and classification of life and relationships among them

Created hierarchal classification of natural world

Assembling organisms into groups (taxa) that are classified hierarcally

Group of organisms at any level in hierarchy

Formation of geographically / genetically / behaviourally isolated population within a species
Population persists and acquires further morphological / genetic / behavioural differences relative to its parental gene pool
Ends once isolated population becomes gentically distinct enough for it to be severed from the rest of its parent species' gene pool