Canadian Citizenship

The Monarch. Not a document (e.g. constitution), a banner (e.g. flag), or a geopolitical entity (e.g. country).

The Great Charter of Freedoms (created in 1215)

Freedom of conscience and religion; of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including of speech and of the press; of peaceful assembly; and of association.

The right to challenge unlawful detention by the state. It comes from English common law.

1982

Mobility Rights, Aboriginal Peoples' Rights, Official Language Rights and Minority Language Educational Rights, and Multiculturalism. It also attempts to summarize fundamental freedoms.

Canadians can live and work anywhere they choose in Canada, enter and leave the country freely, and apply for a passport.

The rights guaranteed in the Charter will not adversely affect any treaty or other rights or freedoms of Aboriginal peoples.

French and English have equal status in Parliament and throughout the government.

A fundamental characteristic of the Canadian heritage and identity. Canadians celebrate the gift of one another's presence and work hard to respect pluralism and live in harmony.

Obeying the law, Taking responsibility for oneself and one's family, Serving on a jury, Voting in elections, helping others in the community, protecting and enjoying our heritage and environment.

The British North America Act. It is also known as the Constitution Act.

July 1, 1867.

Peace, Order and Good Government. The act officiated the Dominion of Canada.

Aboriginal, French and British

1763 in the Royal Proclamation by King George III. Unfortunately, treaties that were not always fully respected.

From the 1800s until the 1980s

2008

First Nations (formerly Indian), Inuit, and Metis.

The Inuit, which means "the people" in the Inuktitut language, live in small, scattered communities across the Arctic.

The Metis are a distinct people of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry, the majority of whom live in the Prairie provinces. They come from both French- and English-speaking backgrounds and speak their own dialect, Michif.

About half live on reserve land in about 600 communities while the other half live off-reserve, mainly in urban centres.

About 65% are First Nations, while 30% are Metis, and 4% are Inuit.

A popular Governor General of Canada (1935-40).

7 million, mostly in Quebec. One million in Ontario, New Brunswick and Manitoba.

New Brunswick

Descendants of French colonists who began settling in what are now the Maritime provinces in 1604.

The deportation of two-thirds of the Acadians during the war between Britain and France from 1755 to 1763.

2006

Quebecers. They are the people of Quebec, the vast majority French-speaking.

Asia

Chinese

13% (Vancouver) and 7% (Toronto)

Catholic, followed by various Protestant churches. The great majority of Canadians identify as Christians.

A confederation of five (later six) First Nations from the Great Lakes region who were farmers and hunters. They battled with French settlements for a century (1600s). The French and the Iroquois made peace in 1701.

The Aboriginal people of the Northwest who were hunter-gatherers.

The nomadic Aboriginal people who followed the bison herd.

The Aboriginal people of the Northwest who were hunter-gatherers.

Preserved fish by drying and smoking.

the Aboriginal people

The Vikings from Iceland who colonized Greenland 1000 years ago.

Labrador and the island of Newfoundland. The remains of their settlement, l'Anse aux Meadows, are a World Heritage site.

John Cabot in 1497 when European exploration began in earnest.

Jacques Cartier between 1534 and 1542.

Jacques Cartier heard two captured guides speak the Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village", throughout his three voyages across the Atlantic between 1534 and 1542. By the 1550s, the name of Canada began appearing on maps. The name became official in the Constitutional Act of 1791.

French explorers Pierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain in 1604. The first settlement was on St. Croix Island (in present-day Maine). A second settlement was at Port-Royal, in Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia).

Samuel de Champlain in 1608.

Fur-trading, driven by the demand for beaver pelts in Europe.

Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac

1670

Voyageurs and coureurs des bois

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759 -- the British defeated the French.

Brigadier James Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm. Both were killed leading their troops in battle.

Canadiens or habitants. They strove to preserve their French-speaking Catholic way of life in the English-speaking, Protestant-ruled British Empire.

The Quebec Act restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law. It allowed religious freedom for Catholics and permitted them to hold public office, a practice not then allowed in Britain.

1774

1776

More than 40,000 people loyal to the Crown, called "Loyalists," fled the oppression of the American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec. About 3,000 black Loyalists, freedmen and slaves came north seeking a better life.

He led thousands of Loyalist Mohawk Indians into Canada to flee the oppression of the American Revolution.

Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1758

1773

1785

the Constitutional Act of 1791

The Atlantic colonies and the two Canadas (Upper/Lower)

Upper Canada in 1793.

A Loyalist military officer who led Upper Canada toward abolition of slavery in 1793.

A Christian anti-slavery network that helped thousands of slaves escape from the United States.

1832

A battle between Canada and the United States that lasted about two and a half years. In 1813 the Americans burned Parliament Buildings in York (now Toronto). In 1814, the White House was burned down in retaliation.

A military officer that, with the help of 460 soldiers, turned back 4000 American invaders at Chateauguay, south of Montreal.

A military officer that led an expedition from Nova Scotia that burned down the White House and other public buildings in Washington, DC

An English reformer sent to report on the rebellions of 1837-38. He recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be merged and given responsible government.

10 million

The Atlantic Provinces, Central Canada, The Prairie Provinces, The West Coast, The Northern Territories

Ottawa, located on the Ottawa River, was chosen as the capital in 1857 by Queen Victoria, the great-great-grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II.

Newfoundland and Labrador - St. John's, Prince Edward Island - Charlottetown, Nova Scotia - Halifax, New Brunswick - Fredericton, Quebec - Québec City, Ontario - Toronto, Manitoba - Winnipeg, Saskatchewan - Regina, Alberta - Edmonton, British Columbia - Victoria, Nunavut - Iqaluit, Northwest Territories - Yellowknife, Yukon Territory - Whitehorse

34 million

Fishing, farming, forestry and mining

Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

It is the most easterly point in North America and has its own time zone. It is the oldest colony of the British Empire and is known for its fisheries, coastal fishing villages and distinct culture. It also has immense hydro-electric resources.

It is the smallest province, known for its beaches, red soil and agriculture, especially potatoes. P.E.I. is the birthplace of Confederation.

Is the most populous Atlantic Province, world's highest tides in the Bay of Fundy, shipbuilding, fisheries and shipping. Halifax is home to Canada's largest naval base.

In the Appalachian Range, founded by the United Empire Loyalists, has the second largest river system on North America's Atlantic coastline, the St. John River system. Forestry, agriculture, fisheries, mining, food processing and tourism are the principal industries. Moncton is the principal Francophone Acadian centre. Is the only officially bilingual province, and about one-third of the population lives and works in French.

Quebec and Ontario

50%

Central Canada; Quebec and Ontario together produce 3/4 of all Canadian manufactured goods

Eight million people live in Quebec, 3/4 speak French as their first language. Industries include forestry, energy and mining, main producer of pulp and paper, Canada's largest producer of hydro-electricity. Montreal is Canada's second largest city and the second largest mainly French-speaking city in the world after Paris.

12 million people of Ontario make up more than one-third of Canadians. Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the country's main financial centre. Founded by United Empire Loyalists, Ontario also has the largest French speaking population outside of Quebec.

There are five Great Lakes located between Ontario and the United States: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan (in the U.S.A.) and Lake Superior, the largest freshwater lake in the world.

Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta

Economy is based on agriculture, mining and hydro-electric power generation. The province's most populous city is Winnipeg, whose Exchange District includes the most famous street intersection in Canada, Portage and Main. Winnipeg's French Quarter, St. Boniface, has Western Canada's largest Francophone community at 45,000. Manitoba is also an important centre of Ukrainian culture, with 14% reporting Ukrainian origins, and the largest Aboriginal population of any province, at over 15%.

Known as the "breadbasket of the world" and the "wheat province," has 40% of the arable land in Canada and is the country's largest producer of grains and oil-seeds. World's richest deposits of uranium and potash, used in fertilizer, and produces oil and natural gas. Regina, the capital, is home to the training academy of the RCMP. Saskatoon, the largest city, is the headquarters of the mining industry.

Alberta is the most populous Prairie province. The province, and the world-famous Lake Louise in the Rocky Mountains, were both named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. Has five national parks, including Banff National Park, established in 1885. Alberta is the largest producer of oil and gas, and the oil sands in the north are being developed as a major energy source. Alberta is also renowned for agriculture, especially for the vast cattle ranches that make Canada one of the world's major beef producers.

British Columbia (known as Canada's Pacific Gateway)

Vancouver

Has a population of 4 million. About one-half of all the goods produced in B.C. are forestry products, including lumber, newsprint, and pulp and paper products—the most valuable forestry industry in Canada. B.C. is also known for mining, fishing, and the fruit orchards and wine industry of the Okanagan Valley. B.C. has the most extensive park system in Canada, with approximately 600 provincial parks. Chinese and Punjabi the most spoken languages in the cities after English. The capital, Victoria, is a tourist centre and headquarters of the navy's Pacific fleet.

Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut

33%, but population is only 100,000

Gold, lead, copper, diamond and zinc mines. Oil and gas deposits

The North

3 months

Tundra is the vast rocky Arctic plain, that the North is mainly made up of. There are no trees on the tundra and the soil is permanently frozen.

Thousands of miners came to the Yukon during the Gold Rush of the 1890s, as celebrated in the poetry of Robert W. Service. Mining remains a significant part of the economy. The White Pass and Yukon Railway opened from Skagway in neighbouring Alaska to the territorial capital, Whitehorse, in 1900 and provides a spectacular tourist excursion across precipitous passes and bridges. Yukon holds the record for the coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada (-63°C).

Located in the Yukon, is the highest mountain in Canada. It is named in honour of Sir William Logan, a world-famous geologist, born in Montreal in 1798 to Scottish immigrant parents. Logan founded and directed the Geological Survey of Canada from 1842 to 1869 and is considered one of Canada's greatest scientists

Made up in 1870 from Rupert's Land and the Northwestern Territory. The capital, Yellowknife (population 20,000), is called the "diamond capital of North America." More than half the population is Aboriginal (Dene, Inuit and Métis). The Mackenzie River, at 4,200 kilometres, is the second-longest river system in North America after the Mississippi and drains an area of 1.8 million square kilometers.

Nunavut, meaning "our land" in Inuktitut, was established in 1999 from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories, including all of the former District of Keewatin. The capital is Iqaluit, formerly Frobisher Bay, named after the English explorer Martin Frobisher, who penetrated the uncharted Arctic for Queen Elizabeth I in 1576. The 19-member Legislative Assembly chooses a premier and ministers by consensus. The population is about 85% Inuit, and Inuktitut is an official language and the first language in schools.

Canada's vast North brings security and sovereignty challenges. Dealing with harsh weather conditions in an isolated region, the Canadian Rangers, part of the Canadian Forces Reserves (militia), play a key role. Drawing on indigenous knowledge and experience, the Rangers travel by snowmobile in the winter and all-terrain vehicles in the summer from Resolute to the Magnetic North Pole, and keep the flag flying in Canada's Arctic.

Ministers of the Crown must have the support of a majority of the elected representatives in order to govern

1840

Nova Scotia in 1847-48

The governor of United Canada who, with encouragement from London, introduced responsible government in 1848-49.

The first leader of a responsible government in the Canadas

It must resign

The process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed on July 1, 1867. Three British colonies became four provinces of the new dominion: Ontario and Quebec (originally the Province of Canada), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.

Federal and Provincial

the Provincial Government

July 1, 1983 -- before then it was celebrated as "Dominion Day"

An elected official and Father of Confederation from New Brunswick. He suggested the term Dominion of Canada in 1864.

1870

1871

1873

1880

1898

1905

1949

1999

He was a Father of Confederation who became Canada's first Prime Minister. His portrait is on the \$10 bill.

He was the key architect of Confederation from Quebec. A railway lawyer, Montrealer, close ally of Macdonald and patriotic Canadien, Cartier led Quebec into Confederation and helped negotiate the entry of the Northwest Territories, Manitoba and British Columbia into Canada.

The father of Manitoba: he was a leader of the Metis people. He led two resistance movements against the Canadian government (Red River Rebellion of 1869-70 and North-West Rebellion of 1885), the latter of which resulted in his execution for high treason, opposed by Quebec.

PM Macdonald established the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) in 1873 to pacify the West and assist in negotiations with the Indians. This, in part, became the RCMP in 1920.

The Scottish-born director of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). On November 7, 1885 he drove the last spike for the railway promised by Ottawa to British Columbia.

The first French-Canadian prime minister since Confederation. He encouraged immigration to the West. His portrait is on the \$5 bill.

400 years

Government, including Parliament, the legislatures, the courts, police services and the Canadian Forces

1965

From the flag of the Royal Military College, Kingston, founded in 1876

1921

The Union Jack

Canada's flag for 100 years

In the 1700's by French Canadians

1850s

Was a symbol in France since 496 and revived at confederation on the Canadian Red Ensign flag

A mari usque ad mare, which in Latin means "from sea to sea."

England, France, Scotland and Ireland as well as red maple leaves. Today the arms can be seen on dollar bills, government documents and public buildings.

In the 1860s. The Centre Block was destroyed by an accidental fire in 1916 and rebuilt in 1922. The Library is the only part of the original building remaining. The Peace Tower was completed in 1927 in memory of the First World War.

Books of Remembrance in which are written the names of soldiers, sailors and airmen who died serving Canada in wars or while on duty.

French, English and Aboriginal traditions and the Gothic Revival architecture popular in the time of Queen Victoria. The provincial legislatures are architectural treasures. The Quebec National Assembly is built in the French Second Empire style, while the legislatures of the other provinces are Baroque, Romanesque and neoclassical, reflecting the Greco-Roman heritage of Western civilization in which democracy originated.

In Canada in the 1800s

Lord Stanley, the Governor General, in 1892

Established in 2005 by Adrienne Clarkson, the 26th Governor General (and the first of Asian origin), is awarded for women's hockey

Lacrosse, an ancient sport first played by Aboriginals

Adopted first as a symbol of the Hudson's Bay Company. It became an emblem of the St. Jean Baptiste Society, a French-Canadian patriotic association, in 1834, and was also adopted by other groups

Adult applicants 55 years of age or over

Passed in 1969, has three main objectives: • Establish equality between French and English in Parliament, the Government of Canada and institutions subject to the Act; • Maintain and develop official language minority communities in Canada; and • Promote equality of French and English in Canadian society.

1980 - first sung in Quebec City in 1880; different words in French and English

God Save the Queen

In 1967 - honours outstanding Canadians

The highest honour available to Canadians and is awarded for the most conspicuous bravery, a daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy

96 since 1854

New year's Day - January 1; Sir John A. Macdonald Day - January 11; Good Friday - Friday immediately preceding Easter Sunday; Easter Monday - Monday immediately following Easter Sunday; Vimy Day - April 9; Victoria Day - Monday preceding May 25 (Sovereign's birthday); Fête nationale (Quebec) - June 24 (Feast of St. John the Baptist); Canada Day - July 1; Labour Day- First Monday of September; Thanksgiving Day - Second Monday of October; Remembrance Day - November 11; Sir Wilfrid Laurier Day - November 20; Christmas Day - December 25; Boxing Day - December 26

A trading nation

1988

1994, Canada/US/Mexico; over 444 million people and over \$1 trillion in merchandise trade in 2008

Canada has one of the ten largest economies in the world

Service, manufacturing, natural resource

75%; transportation, education, health care, construction, banking, communications, retail services, tourism and government

paper, high technology equipment, aerospace technology, automobiles, machinery, food, clothing

US; more than 75%; we have the biggest bilateral trading relationship in the world

True

forestry, fishing, agriculture, mining and energy

"the world's longest undefended border"

"children of a common mother" and "brethren dwelling together in unity"

Innocence in criminal matters, meaning everyone is innocent until proven guilty

The rule of law, freedom under the law, democratic principles and due process. Due process is the principle that the government must respect all the legal rights a person is entitled to under the law.

Elected representatives

Courts

Police

No

Supreme Court of Canada

The Federal Court of Canada

In most provinces there is an appeal court and a trial court, sometimes called the Court of Queen's Bench or the Supreme Court. There are also provincial courts for lesser offences, family courts, traffic courts and small claims courts for civil cases involving small sums of money.

To keep people safe and enforce the law

Ontario and Quebec

RCMP serve as the provincial police in all provinces and territories except Ontario and Quebec

Yes

Federal laws

Lawyers

There are legal aid services available free of charge or at a low cost

The South African War (1899-1902) where 7000 Canadians volunteered to fight and over 260 died.

1900. The victories strengthened national pride in Canada.

The Canadian Expeditionary Force (later the Canadian Corps). More than 600,000 Canadians served in the war, most of them volunteers, out of a total population of eight million. By November 11, 1918 (the end of the war), 60,000 Canadians were killed and 170,000 wounded.

April 1917, with 10,000 killed or wounded, securing the Canadians' reputation for valour as the "shock troops of the British Empire." An officer said "In those few minutes I witnessed the birth of a nation." April 9 is celebrated as Vimy Day.

Over 8000 people were interned from 1914 to 1920

He's hailed as Canada's greatest soldier. The Canadian Corps advanced alongside the French and British Empire troops in the last hundred days of WW1 including the victorious Battle of Amiens on August 8, 1918.

The first Canadian woman to practise medicine in Canada. Her efforts on women's suffrage resulted in Manitoba becoming the first province to grant voting rights to women in 1916. By 1918 most Canadian female citizens over 21 could vote in the federal elections.

A farmer and teacher who became the first female MP.

A Canadian medical officer who wrote, "In Flanders Field", composed in 1915. It is often recited on Remembrance Day which is observed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month to honour the sacrifices of all who have served and the 110,000 Canadian soldiers who have lost their lives.

The boom times of the 1920s with prosperity for businesses and low unemployment.

The Great Depression of the 1930s that resulted from the 1929 stock market crash. Unemployment reached 27% in 1933. The Bank of Canada, a central bank to manage the money supply and bring stability to the financial system, was created in 1934. Immigration dropped and many refugees were turned away, including Jews trying to flee Nazi Germany in 1939.

The epic invasion of Normandy (France) on June 6, 1944 where 15,000 Canadian troops (1/10 of the allied troops) stormed and captured Juno Beach from the German Army.

Canada, with over 130,000 Allied air crew trained in Canada under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.

The United States had the largest; Britain had the second largest; Canada had the third largest.

Canadians of Japanese origin who were put into internment camps and whose properties were sold without compensation despite the military and RCMP telling Ottawa that they posed little danger to Canada.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); postwar and after the Depression

1947

1951

United States (and other trading partners); the country enjoyed one of the strongest economies among industrialized nations.

It ensures common elements and a basic standard of coverage.

1940

1927

1965

The provinces and territories

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance with other democratic countries of the West

North American Aerospace Defence Command, a military alliance with the US

Yes, participated in the UN operation defending South Korea in the Korean War (1950-53), with 500 dead and 1,000 wounded

Egypt, Cyprus and Haiti, former Yugoslavia and Afghanistan.

An era of rapid change in the 1960s, where many Quebecers sought to separate from Canada

The separatist movement

Guarantees French and English services in the federal government across Canada

La Francophonie

1948

1960

Every citizen over the age of 18

1/3

Group of Seven, who developed a style of painting to capture the rugged wilderness landscapes.

James Naismith in 1891

Terry Fox

Insulin, a hormone to treat diabetes that has saved 16 million lives worldwide

The telephone at his summer house in Canada.

The snowmobile

The worldwide system of standard time zones.

The first electric light bulb and later sold the patent to Thomas Edison

The radio, sending the first wireless voice message in the world.

Pioneering brain surgeon at McGill University in Montreal, and was known as "the greatest living Canadian."

First cardiac pacemaker

Canadarm, a robotic arm used in outer space.

Research in Motion (RIM)

Our country is a federal state, a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy

Canada is a federal state, a parliamentary democracy, and a constitutional monarchy.

Federal, provincial, territorial and municipal

Matters of national and international concern: defence, foreign policy, inter-provincial trade and communications, currency, navigation, criminal law and citizenship

Municipal government, education, health, natural resources, property and civil rights, and highways

Jurisdiction over agriculture and immigration

The people elect members to the House of Commons in Ottawa and to the provincial and territorial legislatures

Passing laws, approving and monitoring expenditures, and keeping the government accountable

Cabinet ministers are responsible to the elected representatives, which means they must retain the "confidence of the House" and have to resign if they are defeated in a non-confidence vote.

the Sovereign (Queen or King), the Senate, and the house of Commons. Provincial legislatures comprise the Lieutenant Governor and the elected Assembly.

the Prime Minister

The operations and policy of the government

The representative chamber, made up of members of Parliament elected by the people, traditionally every four years. They are also known as members of Parliament or MPs.

The Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. They serve until age 75.

House of Commons and the Senate. If passed by both, it must receive royal assent, granted by the Governor General on behalf of the Sovereign, to become law.

As a constitutional monarchy, Canada's head of State is a hereditary Sovereign (Queen or King), who reigns in accordance with the Constitution: the rule of law. The Sovereign is a part of Parliament, playing an important, non-partisan role as the focus of citizenship and allegiance.

the Prime Minister

An appointed individual by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister, usually for five years.

The Lieutenant Governor who is appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister, also normally for five years.

the Executive, Legislative and Judicial

Depending on the province or territory: members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), members of the National Assembly (MNAs), members of the Provincial Parliament (MPPs) or members of the House of Assembly (MHAs)

He/she has a role similar to that of the Prime Minister, but at the provincial level.

the Commissioner

The third Monday in October every four years following the most recent general election. The Prime Minister may ask the Governor General to call an earlier election.

308. An electoral district is a geographical area represented by a member of Parliament (MP).

A Canadian citizens, 18 years or older, running for office in a federal election. The candidate who receives the most votes becomes the MP for that electoral district.

Elections Canada mails a voter information card to each elector whose name is in the National Register of Electors.

No one can watch you vote or look at how you voted. Provincial, territorial and municipal elections are held by secret ballot, but other rules may not be the same as those for federal elections.

The leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons is invited by the Governor General to form the government. He/she becomes the Prime Minister.

When the party in power holds at least half of the seats in the House of Commons

Prime Minister and the Cabinet ministers. They make important decisions about how the country is governed. They prepare the budget and propose most new laws. Their decisions can be questioned by all members of the House of Commons.

The opposition party with the most members of the House of Commons (i.e. party with the second-most ridings).

Laws that affect only the local community, which are passed by the municipal government, usually by a council.

Council usually includes a mayor (or a reeve) and councillors or aldermen

They have band chiefs and councillors. There are a number of provincial, regional and national Aboriginal organizations that are a voice to the government.