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Digital Signal Processing is the mathematics, algorithms, and techniques used to manipulate signals after they have been converted into a digital form

Seismic vibrations, visual images, sound waves

Radar & sonar, oil exploration, space exploration, medical imaging

To reduce the number of bits per second needed to represent digital data

To enhance space photographs and analyze sensory data from remote probes

Diagnostic imaging such as CT and MRI

Transferring information efficiently through various channels

The process of converting analog signals to digital by taking discrete values

Number of samples taken per second in signal conversion

The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal to accurately reconstruct it

DSP tools used to modify or enhance signals by passing or blocking certain frequencies

How a system or filter reacts to different signal frequencies

Sending multiple signals through a single communication channel

Reducing redundancy in digital signals to save space and bandwidth

Technique used to eliminate delayed signals in phone conversations

Manipulating sound signals to improve or alter their quality

Creating human-like speech from text using computers

Radio wave-based method to detect and locate objects using reflected signals

Sound wave-based method to detect objects underwater using echoes

Converts detected x-rays into digital data for internal body imaging

Analyzes emitted radio waves from the body to create internal images

Commercial (e.g., movie effects, video calls)

Used for radar, sonar, secure communications, and guidance systems

Oil and mineral prospecting, process control, nondestructive testing

Data acquisition, spectral analysis, simulation, and modeling

Filtering

Results in redundant data that can be compressed

To prevent hearing delayed versions of your own voice during calls

Prevents degradation compared to analog methods like cassettes

Increases capacity and clarity while reducing cost and interference

A description of how one parameter is related to another parameter, such as voltage varying with time

A function of time, distance, position, or temperature

The peak deviation of the function from zero

Distance between two points with the same phase, such as two crests or troughs of a sine wave

Number of oscillations per second, measured in hertz (Hz)

Time taken for one complete cycle of a wave

One full repetition of a wave pattern, including positive and negative peaks

Signals that take any value at any time, represented by smooth lines (analog systems)

Temperature variation throughout the day

Signals that take specific values at set intervals (digital systems)

Number of students recorded every hour in a classroom

Data represented as binary values (0s and 1s) at fixed intervals

Has a value specified for all points in time

Has a value specified only at discrete points in time

Represents amplitude or dependent variable

Represents independent variable, often time

Signal representation with time as the independent variable

Signal representation with frequency as the independent variable

Technique of transmitting information by varying the amplitude of a carrier wave while keeping frequency constant

High-frequency signal with constant amplitude and frequency used to carry information

The modulating signal containing the message, such as voice or music

Carrier signal whose amplitude changes according to the information signal