Proteins

Polymers of amino acid

Proteins are synthesized in what part of the body?

How many amino acids a typical protein have?

Smaller amino acids (<200)

Larger amino acids (>300)

Proteins found in the muscles

Macromolecules produced by the chains of amino acid

Dna-encoded genes are first used to produce mRNA

Synthesis of CHON from an mRNA template

Processes involved in the protein synthesis

Where does transcription occurs in eukaryotic cells

Is used as template to make mRNA

Where does translation occurs

In what process does the transfer of genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA occurs?

Contains genetic code which is read to make proteins

Central Dogma of Molecular biology

Steps in Transcription process

Beginning of the transcription process

What enzyme binds to the promoter during initiation?

What signals the DNA to unwind?

Complementary of the DNA

Addition of the nucleotides to make it longer

mRNA strand is complete and detaches from DNA

Ending of transcription

What are anabolic hormones

Catabolic Hormones

Hormones that participates in the synthesis of proteins

Hormones involved to breakdown protein

Sum of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a living organism

Building up

Destruction or breaking down

Building block molecules are incorporated into larger, more complex molecules

Larger complex molecules into smaller molecules

Captured and used to drive anabolic rxns

Intake of nitrogen exceeds their loss as net protein synthesis proceeds

Pregnant women, growing children, and adults recovering from major illness

More nitrogen is excreted then incorporated into the body

Excessive tissue destruction, such as burns, wasting disease, continual high fevers, or starvation

Less intake, greater elimination

Greater intake, less elimination

Difference between the intake and the output of nitrogen

Equal intake of nitrogen and the amount of nitrogen that was released outside the body

Reflect the equilibrium between the protein intake and the protein loss

Nitrogen excretion is greater than the nitrogen intake

Intake of nitrogen is greater than the output

Degradation of extracellular proteins or possible little intracellular degradation into the amino acid

Degradation of intracellular proteins into an amino acid

Two pathways that are necessary to convert intracellular proteins to free amino acids

4 distinct levels of proteins structure

Protein is losing its naturally occurring fold

Factors that can denature proteins

Easiest structure to denature

Structure that is most likely the hardest to denature

What are the elements that consist proteins?

What sets protein apart from carbohydrates

Results from increased pH in the environment where the protein is exposed

pH at which an amino acid or protein has no net charge

Number of positively charged groups equals the number of negatively charge group in protein

What is the pH range of most proteins where isoelectric point occurs?

What happens if the pH is greater than the isoelectric point?

What happens if the pH is less than the isoelectric point?

Neutral pH

Proteins that have charges on their surfaces

What is the pH range required in solubility of proteins in blood

Where does solubility of proteins depend?

What are the classification by protein function

Catalyst of chemical rxn. Speeds up the chemical reaction

Why do we have to avoid using hemolyzed samples

Proteins that act as chemical messenger

Controls the action of specific cell or a particular organ

Hormone that promotes entry of glucose goint to the cell or it promotes the uptake of glucose going to the cell

Transport movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules

Produced by the B cell of the bone marrow

Protects the body against foreign substances

Supports or help the structure and maintenance of the structure of the cells, in tissue like in tendons, and matrix of the bone.

Reserves of metal ions and amino acids

Stores iron

What will be the function of the storage proteins if they are needed Iike metal ions and AA

Reserve source of energy for tissue and muscles

Alternative energy source

Conversion of proteins from the muscles and tissues into amino acids and then the amino acids will be converted to glucose

Involved in the distribution of H2O throughout the body compartments

Does not allow proteins to cross the capillary membranes

One of the signifcant function of proteins

Specific term for osmotic force

Do proteins have the ability to cross the capillary walls

Why can't proteins cross from the blood vessels to the capillary membrane to the tissues

What will happen if there is high oncotic pressure

Responsible in pulling water back from the tissues to the blood vessels

What will happen if there is low oncotic pressure

Retention of fluid in the tissues

How does edema occurs

What decreases oncotic pressure

What causes decreased protein in the blood

What generates large majority of oncotic pressure in capillaries

Considered to be the major plasma protein

What are the classification by protein structure

To provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the structural domains based on similarities of their amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures

Utilizes four of the structural classifications

What are the 4 of structural classifications

FSSP is also known as

Based on a three-dimensional structure comparison of protein structure in the Protein Data Bank

Contains peptide chains composed of only amino acids

What are the shapes of simple proteins

Globe like, round and symmetrical. They are easily dissolved in water (soluble in water)

What proteins are classified under globular proteins

Examples of globular proteins that are transport proteins

Long, filamentous, asymmetrical (insoluble in water)

What makes fibrous proteins insoluble in water

Examples of proteins classified as fibrous proteins

Important for structural support of our connective tissues, tendons, bones, and muscles

Can be detected or determined using electrophoresis

Fraction of protein that migrates in a position faster than albumin towards the anode

Closest protein among all proteins in our body to the anode

Has a significant role in the transport of vitamin A throughout the body

Why is the function of Pre-albumin indirect in the transport of vitamin A

Low level of Pre-albumin results to...?

Also involved in the transport of the hormone thyroxine

Another name of Pre-albumin

What is the major transporter of thyroxine

What are the different conditions wherein prealbumin is decreased

Proteins present in highest concentration in the plasma

Responsible for nearly 80% of the colloid osmotic pressure of the intravascular fluid

Buffers pH and is a negative acute phase reactant protein

Major function of albumin

Serves as a mobile repository of amino acids

Act as transport protein, a carrier protein

When can we use glycosylated albumin or the determination of fructosamine

Consists of a1, a2, B, and y fractions

Major component of a1 globulin

Enzyme involved in proteolysis

Inhibitor of protease

At what conditions A1-antitrypsin level is increased

Largest major non-immunoglobulin protein found in the plasma and increased in nephrotic syndrome

What will happen to the a2 macroglobulins if there is nephrotic syndrome

Inactivates proteases

Other major proteins that migrates in the a2 region

Combines with Hgb to preserve body iron and protein store

When is haptoglobin released

What conditions increase haptoglobin

Life span of Haptoglobin

Transferrin

Transports ferric ions from the iron stores of intracellular or mucosal ferritin to the bone marrow

Has an antibacterial effect by complexing iron

Clot formation

Lipid transport

Component of complement system

Surface immunity

Binds to mast cells; hypersensitivity rxns

Humoral immunity

Primary response; humoral immunity

Single chain, globular, 153 AA

Primary O2 carrying protein

Used in conjuction with troponin to diagnose or rule out heart attack

Found in cardiac muscle

Has higher affinity to oxygen than oxygen to myoglobinqui

Allowing early detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) / heart attack

Restoration of blood flow to a particular organ/tissue

Quickly open the block in the arteries by dissolving the clot or by quick restoration of blocked blood supply in the heart

What happens to the myoglobin once reperfusion is done

Something to do with the skelatal muscle

Due to vigorous exercise, elevatuon of myoglobin

Progressive increase of myoglobin, can be toxic to the kidney

Muscle weakness

Elevated myoglobins due to vaccine

Tonic, stiffening of muscle; cloning, twitching/jerking of muscle

Blockage in the blood flow

Cardiac marker

Specific to the heart muscles, in the striated muscle.

Gold standard in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome

Indicative of Myocardial injury

Troponin test is run for approx. ______

What are cardiac markers

Replaces CK and CK-MB; more specific for detecting heart injury

Not specific because they are present in the skeletal muscle along with myoglobin

Level of myoglobin 18 to 30 hrs after myocardial infarction or heart attack

What happens to the troponin 18hrs to 30 hrs after myocardial infarction

Increased CK, CK-MB and myoglobin, normal troponin

Normal First troponin twst, all subsequent 6-12hrs troponin was tested again

Normal CK-MB and Troponin, increased CK

What is the advantage of troponin over the other cardiac markers

Reference interval of cTnT

Value of equal to 0.1 could be consider____

cTnI cut off concentration for immunoassays

It is produced in the kidney

Produced in the brain

Produced in the endothelium or endothelial cells

Family of structurally related hormones that include Atrial natriuretic peptide, BNP, C-type and Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide

Found in plasma and on cell surfaces

Synthesized in the liver hepatocytes, endothelial cells, peritoneal macrophages, and fibroblasts

Multifunctional glycoprotein; maintains adhesion

Important in tissue repair and regulating cell to cell attachment plus the motility of the cells

To predict the short term risk of premature delivery

Produced atthe boundary between the amniotic sac and the decidua

Maintains the adherence of placenta to the uterus

Glycoprotein that acts as a glue or adhesive between the lining of the uterus

Cannot be detected after 24 weeks of gestation

Good marker for impending labor (preterm labor)

247 amin acid fat hormone produced by adipocyte

Composed of an N terminal collagen like domain and a C terminal globular domain

Individual is at greater risk to develop a heart disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity

Synonym prostaglandin D synthase; 168 amino acid

Accurate marker of CSF leakage

Not a diagnostic efficient test for glomerular filtration rate

Used as a sensitive marker in detecting renal function

Used to determine extent of damage in the kidneys

Better marker of kidney damageenal function

Promising marker in the diagnosus of perilymphatic fluid fistulas

What happens to the BTP in the blood if CSF leaks

Proteolytic fragments of collagen I formed during bone resorption (turnover)

Protein which is a producy of collagen breakdown

The osteoclasts starts to breakdown the tissue in the bones to release the chemical present, particularly calcium which is to be transported into the blood

There is bone resorption ; greater breakdown of osteoclasts than normal

How will we know that the therapy is effective?

Measurement of CTXs prior to therapy

Prevents or slows down bone resorption

Not a specific biochemical marker (cannot replace bone mineral density to diagnose osteoporosis)

Low molecular mass, 120 AA; cysteine proteinase inhibitor

More sensitive to diagnose or check any kidney damage

Completely fully reabsorbed and metabolized by the proximal tubule for recycling