Chapter 2 -Autocracy and Modernisation

revolutionary groups:People's will
mutif national ethnic country, needs to modernize,Autocracy est over large area, Reforms of Alexander II(transport), inteilculas push got democracy, military reforms , economic issues

existed among poorer elements in society , hated because of teaching of Orthodox church, resented their money leading and personal riches
wealthy Jews settle elsewhere until polish revolt, withdrawals and reduce partipation of Jews in town government.
Right wing Russian press helped encourage belief Jews orchestrated Alexander II assassination

stricter controls on uni reduce autonomy, uni for women closed, church gains control over primary education, fees in secondary raise

1) 10,000 arrests and emergency measures crackdown of terrorist-scared as of Alexander II assassination
2)Thousands suspected. many sent to executed who was innocent

1) more efficient collection of taxes
control more central, programme of improvements of road and hospitals
2)Resented by peasents, number of people Elligble to vote ° favoured rich

1) this counter reform huge increase in centralization of power. had much more control.
2) property and educational qualifications neeeded were raised

1)Autocracy,orthodoxy and nationality

1)Fundamental laws in 1832 stated Empreor of all the Russians is an autocratic and has unlimted power.
No one actually represetents Tsar but himself

1)Number of schools and receiving some education increased, only 21% illiterate
2)counter to promote economic modernization and faill prevent student involvement in illegal political movements

1)Prevent radical intelligence, as publication who criticized suspended and editor's banned
2) gave power over people's lives they could overrule with no appeal

1)Right of Tsar to rule supported by orthodox
Orthodox was "True religon" of "Holy Russia"
2)Russianim(influence of the Russian language on other languages)

1891-92 famine prompts -Russian gov to look closer
Strip system still common which lack capital
large part of agrcultural sector of economy remained unmodenrised despite changes
Peasents had to renty land from estate owners to so supplement own strip paid for labour on estate

1900,1/3 of capital invested by foreign enterprise
Russian industries enterprise and businessmen began to emerge mainly in Moscow.
1914-Russia 4th largest producer of coal
1899-State contorl 70% of railway and numerous mines and oilfields

believe iron, coal and steel was way forward. Link up vast space and people by railway. 1890s 60% all iron and steel consumed by railway.
trans Siberian railway
1888-borrowed metalagrcul production
70% numerous mines and oil field

built up gold rouble in 1897
adapted gold standard for rouble
rouble fixed against gold back currencies, provided security for foreground investment

court martials used to try sensitive cases to avoid publicity
Minster of justice order trial be held in private
crimes against state could be held in court without jury

wittie negotiate loans from France
1900,1/3 of capital invested by foreign enterprise
Russian industries enterprise and businessmen began to emerge mainly in Moscow.

Expanded railway and encourage investment, High tarrifs through 1880s protect development of Russia, 1891 -30% tax on raw materials, wittie f'minster 1892-1903

high tarrifs on foreign policy
companies in Russia bought home produced iron, steel from around out of Russia

increase grain export to sell abroad wages kept low
raised indirect taxes on daily items. e. g. vodka.

Jews banned from local elections
Jews who graduate uni no longer count outside pale, non Christian forbidden buy property in provinces 1881, illegal Jews to adapt "Christian" name

living conditons appaling(social discontent),
1900-interest high ti pay foreign debt and major drain on resources 20% of budget used to pay it of -10x amount on education
neglected agriculturue , 1905-Russo japanese war rev held up further ,1909 domestic interest 3 x greater than foreign
1903:23 out of 35 blast furnaces workling ,mines closed railway badly hit=wittie lost support of tsar and dismised
1913-only produce 35% output from factories

New secret police-okhrana
declare citezen subject to surveillance
censorship tightended

State-appointed office of "Land capitin -1889 . made responsible for law enforcement and gov in countryside and ignore normal process. reduce peasent votes

Potatoes became important and product grew by 43%,grain production grew by 2.1%
Increase urbanisation,imporve transport
Petor strolypin beleive allow peasnets to leave mir to consolidate strips into single unit of better land

1)Force people within Russian empire to think of Russian
2)1888 .322 causes of mass disturbance. resentment among educated and weathly, Finns, poles and Baltic Germans in West of empire some supported but mainly against

earn foreign currency
High interest rate charged on foreign laws and imports so more grain they buy

okhrana took shape of sinster and effective body ,Recalled thousands of informants and agents, arrested and executed

many Jews left country, 1890 foreign began to deported along with Russian Jews settle outside pale, driven number of them to revolutionary groups, pale of settlement concentration led time property burnt and rape and murder