1What was the Russia social hierarchy like in order
the tsar ,the government ,the Russian orthodox church
military,The Rich,industrial workers
The Peasants
2geography of Russia and the problems as of size
1/6 worlds land surface,much uninhabited-frozen or tundra and forests,climate variables-droughts
problems;difficult to govern,Poor communication ,transport
3What was the population of Russia like
Over 100 different nationalities under control of Russia state.
Russians formed roughly about 1/2 of population (70 million in 1859)over 90% peasants living and working in countryside.
4what was nobility like in middle of 19th century
Given land and people to work land and they provided masters with food and revenue (Serfs).
Done admin and keep order as impossible for central authority to provide enough state officials.
profited rich:timber or distilleries poor: other ways.most lived far away from estate.
5what was the middle class like in mid 19th century .
mainly merchants who played important role in trade .some were wealthy.
Entrepreneurs and businessmen too
6what was Peasants like in mid 19th century
over 90% of population was peasants. supported themselves by farming .lot were serfs.most were illiterate.
State peasants who lived on estates owned by church,state or tsar .paid rent to state for use of land.restricted travel.
if not reform punished e.g. enlisted to army
7Define Serf
agricultural labourer bound by the feudal system who was tied to working on his lord's estate.
8what was serfs like in mid 19th century?
lot peasants was serfs who tied to land owners(nobility).provided labor for land.could use land for own uses.
serfs no legal system,serfs had almost no rights can be sold ,traded or forbidden to marry .
Some landowners treated well & educate them.others brutal whipping,shipped to army.around 7% domestic servants
9what was workers like in mid 19th century?
few large scale industrial workers -1850's
Conditions were appalling . workers and families might live and sleep alongside workbenches stinky ,filthy surroundings.
101)what was Russia orthodox church like in mid 19th century?
2)What % of population was members?
1)est in Russian empire.was divisions between mainstream church and old believers.
2) roughly 70% .100,000 clerics who have huge amount of influence over peasants .Most peasants had icon(Religious painting)
11What was The Mir(Peasant commune)?
run by appeasements (peasents )who provided security and support and ensured distributions of land but control members in important areas.
Amount of land depends on size of household was ÷ into stripes in fields
121)When was the Crimean war?
2)Who fought?
3)What was trigger point?
1) 5th October 1853-30th March 1856
2)Alliance of Britain,France,Turkey(ottoman empire)& Sardinia against Russia.
3)Religious tension between Catholics & Orthodox believers ,including Russians,
over access to Jerusalem & other places under Turkish rule considered sacred by both christian sectors
131)What happen at treaty of Paris?
2)Effect?
1)recognition signed at congress of Paris. Russia accepted defeat against alliance
2)Russia selling Alaska to USA as had crushing debt
14Crimean war Effects(WRITE ABOUT)
151)Pros of political autocracy:How big is their empire?
2)Cons of political autocracy
1)21million Km^2 ,twice size of europe
2)empire divided between gov ,national conscioness partly developed .local tradtions,loyalty remained greater influence
politcal meetings and strikes forbidden
161)Pros of social autocracy
2)Cons of social autocracy
1)most motivated by christian belif,peasent customs,loyality ,"reverent" for tsar
2)Russian orthodox teachings not accepeted universaly,loads of ehnic gorups lived within russian empire
17Pros of Economic autocracy
1)Main export of agriculture produce e.g. timber,coal,gold anf precious metals
cottage industires provided extra cash for special buys and taxes
18Cons of Economic autocracy
Poor communication between different parts of empire,commited to serf economy-reliant on them,oftern starv in winter
No opportuity for capital accumuluation since income falling ,money was irrelevnet -no internal market demand
191)When was the emanipation of the serfs?
1)1861
2)Moral case,crimean war ,risk of revolt
201)What is the moral case?
members of royal family dating from catherine the great(1762-96) belieced was wrong to possses someone
Radical inteligensta = grew to oppose
majoirty of nobles disagree
21(Risk of revolt)
1)When did serious revolts start to increase?
2)What occupuation made up peasents
3)What did alexander ii due to reduce this
1)1840s significant spike in 1857-59
2)Army-worse as military trained =harder to control uprisings
3)Arrest them .asked for mood reports of peasents -december 1857
22(Crimean war)
1)What was the compulsory enlist amunt of time?
1)Up to 25 years (reduced if good character)=survived=freedom=risk to revolt
23(Economic reason)1)Why necessary to abolish serfdom?
2)Who belived was necessary
3)What did Adam smith believe
4)What did olga crisp believe
1)To advance Economy
2)Milyutin
3)free labour more productive than forced labour
4)poor transport systems is more significnat
241)What was the conditons of abolished serfdom?
1)Peasents have land,make annual payments for land (49 years),Landowners received market value for land.
25 (Weaken regime)
1)Key changes of reform in Local gov (1864-70)
2)Pros
3)Cons
1)system if elected local council est,Zemstva given power to improve public services
2)Raised hopes of members
3)Voting procedure arranged way allows nobles to dominate ,provisonal governers could overule zemestvo
26(Strengthen regime)
1)Key changes of reform in Judical (1864)
2)Pros
3)Cons
1)Equality before law est with single system of local,provisonal and national courts
Courts open to public
2)Pressumed innoncent until guilty
3)Trial by jury never est in poland
27(Strengthen regime)
1)Key changes of reform in Military (1874-75)
2)Pros
1)Conscription made compulsory for all claseses length of service reduced 25 to 15 years
System of miltary colonies abandoned,better provising and medical care est
2)Literacy within army improved with mass army education campaigns 1870-90s
military colleges improved & provide better training for non-nobel office corps
281)Cons of military (1874-75)
1)Offical classes remained largely aristocratic
problems of supply and leadership
29(Strengthen regime)
1)Key changes of reform in Education (1863-64)
2)Pros
1)Under Alexander Golovin (Minister of education 1862-67)
Schooling responsbility transferd from russian orthodox chruch to zemstva
2)Est secondary education for those who not want traditional education
Both genders go school -deckared "open for all"
301)Cons of Education reform(1863-64)
1)Increasing number of radical thinkers and military thinkers
basic knowledge restricted
demand nescessary reassert gov control
31(Weaken Regime)
1)Key changes of reform in Censorship (1859-70)
2)Pros
1)Restrctions on publishers reduced
Foreign publication permitted with gov approval
2)Press allowed print editorals ,can comment on gov policy
short lived growth in books
321)Cons of the Key changes of reform in Censorship (1859-70)
Short lived growth in number of books
grwoth in critical writing brought re-tighting of gov control
331)What groups opposed Alexander II
1)Nihilists,Populists,Black Partition
Slavophiles and westernisers
The People's Will
341)What makes up the Nihilists
2)Ideas and beliefs
1)"Young Russia", Radical thinkers -Niklolai chernyshervesky
Anarchisits ,Radcial activists
2)All values are baseless ,nothing known or communicated ,wanted a rev
3)Series of fires in st petersburg destroyed over 2000 shops,write books ,attemp assainations
351)Key dates from Nihilists oppostion
1960s-vogue for nihilsm
1862-group of students "young russia" publish manifesto
361)What makes up the Slavophiles and westernisers
2)Ideas and beliefs
1)Ivan sergeyevich vargrenv writes plays-Go round Europe become westernisers
Pobedonostev cheif of snoid (decisionof church)takes on tsars
2)Slavophiles -Russia culture superior,autocracy is nest form of gov
westernisers -Parliment better form of constitution
371)Actions from Slavophiles and westernisers
2)Key dates
1)Zemestov demanded central by westernisers
2)Slavophils peak -1881 Slavophiles demolished -1890s
1891-1892 - famine .people want change
381)What makes up the Populists
2)Ideas and beliefs
3)Actions
4)Key dates
1)Inspired by Peter Lavrov-Most to do with do individuality-young nobels
2)Dislike autocracy.want socilaism-believed peasnets to be moved forward
3)Go to village and spread message.need peasents to lead revolution
4)1877-large trials held
391)What makes up the Black Partition
2)Ideas and beliefs
3)Actions
1)Led by George Plakhanavoe vera Za sikich-Wanted rev peacefully
2Promote change peacefully
3)weakened 1880-81.arrest as to see exist as sep org
401) What makes up The people's will
2) ideas and belief
3) actions
1) organised by revolution populists party, led by Andre zherybrb and Sophie L. pervosk
2) Wanted political reform From state
3) Killed Alexander II used terrorist ideas spreed in gov
411) Key dates from the people's will
1) 1881- Assassination of Alexander II