11)how long were conservatives dominating politcs for prior to labour victorty
2)What programme did clemnt atlee set about and define it
3)Define keynesianism and who set it out?
4)What did labour put in place main proposals from and define it
1)30 years
2)Nationalisation programme-process by which private companies become owned and controlled by the government
3)Keynesiansim-(John Maynard Keynes director of bank of England during WW2) economic theory – suggested steps should be taken
to avoid economic depressions. Suggested that the government should intervene e.g. budgets and revenue
4)Beveridge Report-Scheme of insurance provide protection against sickness,injury and unemployement by william bevereage in 1942
25)What was the situation like in 1945-51?
6)What did Atlees administration resort to?
5)Chronic financial problems,debt from WW2 and burdend with cost of extensive defence programme including,developmets of britans own atomic bomb programme
6)to increased tax and borrwoing from abroad"Dollar gap"contiune to grow.
31)Define welfare state
2)Name main features of the wefare state
1)state undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the UK were laid by the Beveridge Report of 1942
2)National insurace act,National assisatance act,National health service act,Education or butler act,family allowance act
41)What party won in 1945?
2)How many votes did they have as percentage and how many seats?
1)Labour
2)47.8% of votes and 393 seats
51)How did labour attempt to deal with financial problems?
1)Rationing goods,controls wages and salaries ,increased taxation and income and goods,tight financial control , Restrictions on imports to keep dollar spending to minimum
61)What was the Labour party commited to?
2)Who backed Labour in the 1945 election?
3)who were the leading figures in labour party and effect?
4)What was Labour campaign ands manifesto like?
1)Parilamentry socialsim which was appelaing and necessary after the war
2)Trade unions whose activites less likely than conservative election agents to be called for military service=able engage fully in labours election campaign in constituences,newspapers however daily express and daily telegraph were hostile to tories.labour gov receivied backing from daily mirror newspapers with biggest circulation
3)organsing home front during the World war.experienced,respeced and well known people.atlee was in war cabinet and deputy PM 1942-5.Bevin was minster of labour party and national service 1940-45
4)focused on future.manifesto was professional and clear with policies and justified relations to their effective.Supported beveridge report.posters emphasised need and continue spirt of wartime into peacetime reconstruction
71)Conservatives weaknesses in 1945 election
1)many doubted whether chruchill was ideal peacetime PM,WW2 turned people against conservatives .
Chamberlian 1937-40,made several agreements with Hitler to try and avoid war.after war policy of appeasement looked crimanlly navie to many voters
Conservatives built election around chruchill,labours faults and their polices.mainfesto was vague short on policy commitemnt.churchill hope to create gov similar to his wartime coaliton
circumstances of july 1945 meant not prepared to general election more than 30% served in armed forces during war.early 1945-300 of agents and organisers involved in war work
churchill attacked labour party in first radio broadcast 4th july 1945.he alleged labour gov would introduce political police similar to gestapo.dissapointed observers=maybe impact votes
81)Who won the 1951 election
2)Why did they win 1951 election?
1)Conservative
2)Clement Atlees Labour Gov on last leg
most policies in manfestio from Labour were put in place =directionless
financial difficultes imposed charges on medical prescriptions
Bevan, designer of NHS, led number of minsters resigning from the Cabinet in protest, those who followed became known as the Bevanites = divisions in the Labour Party encouraged Conservative to fight for the win of the 1951 election campaign.
9
How many votes did each party have?(1951 election)
Conservative - 321 seats -48%-most seats win
Labour-295 seats -48.8%
Liberal -6 seats -25%
others-3 seats -0.7%
10Limitations of Labour in the 1951 election
financial difficulites ,exhausted after 6 years ,divsions left and right party ,resenment among trade unions , difficult to shake off image of rations and high taxation
entry in Korean war(1950)=made left wing unhappy
stafford crisps not present attractive image for labour
11Conservative strenghts in 1951 election
Began to recover after shock of party in 1945,bright young conservative=lord woolen in power,reformed finances
nationlisation of iron and steel=provided easy target for oppostion attacks
impressed by collectionism and indivisulism
121)Define first past the post system
2)Define consensus
3)Define post war consensus
1)how voting in Britain general elctions=party wins the most seats win general election even if oppostion gained more votes as well in case in 1951
2)Public opinion
3)gets name from alligment of both labour and conservative government despite obvious diffrences in ideaolgy of views
131)What was post war consenus features
1)Had foreign policy angel aswell as social and economic base such as:belief in welfare provison for all,NHS,Nationlisation of industry and public utiliites ,
national insurance reform 1946,socail security ,full employment ,intro of nuclear weapons
141)How did chruchill help ensure conservative dominace in 1951-59?
2)How did Eden help ensure conservative dominace in 1951-59?
3)How did Macmillan help ensure conservative dominace in 1951-59?
1)ensure no new conflict,had international relations with world leaders,expansion of welfare state,war hero staus ,develepoment nuclear weapons programme, 300,000 houses built
2)Taken action during suez crisis ,majority of seats increased scotland =17 to 60
3)tax cuts ,macmillian had majority of up to 100,encourage unity in party ,controlled media ,300,000 houses built
151)What is the beeching report? and when ?
2?When was the Brtian application to Join EEC (European Economic Community) rejected?
3)When did Food rationing end?
1)1963 – Beeching report to cut expenditure. Cuts in rail network, closures of 30% of rail network
2)1963
3)1954
161)What was used in 1960s to control economy?Define it
1)"Stop go"-maintains and control economy by deliberately alternate expansion and contraction of demand by increasing interest
causing a "STOP" and lower intrests to "GO phase to encourage spending to help deal with inflation
171)in what years did Macmillian make houses and how many was it a year?
2)What year was full employment achived?
3)How many people was unemployed?
4)was economic probelms solved?
1)1951 and 1954 - Macmillan achieved target of 300,000 new homes each year
2)1955
3)200,000 roughly less than 1% of working population
4)No- Britain remained behind foreign competitors West Germany, US and Japan.-still stuck in cycle of stop-go tactics in 1960s
181)Why used "pay pause " and when?
2)What was the population in 1961?
3)what was the rise in wages in this period?
1960-introduced to hold down wage inflation and ask for loan from International Monetary Fund.
2)1961 – acceleration in birth rate. 51 million people in country, 5% more than 1951
3)1951-55 2.2%, 1955-60 2.9% and 1960-64 4%
191)What did Rab butler introduce prior to 1955 election?
2)What did the world trade imports and britain increase from 1951 to late 1950s
3)Why was people happy in Late 1950s?
1)Rab Butler, the Chancellor, introduced give-away budget which reduced taxes and people felt more affluent
2)imported 29% more goods than 1951.
3) people enjoyed more jobs and more money to spend.
201)In what year was where macmillan had divisons in cabinet?
2)Why was there divisons
3)What happend to the sterling?
1)1959
2)Macmillan supported expansionist economy, Thorneycroft resigned with Powell and Birch.
3)Sterling regained its value and budget of 1959 provided tax cuts of £370 million.
211)What year did sale of private cars go up and by how much?
2))Who replaced loyld as Chancellor of The Exchequer?
3)What did that person do?
4)What happend to growth rate?
1)By 1965 – nearly quadrupled from 1.5 million in 1950 to 5.5 million in 1965.
2)Maudling
3)pushed economy into ‘go’ phase by lowering the bank rate to encourage consumer spending.
4)growth rate rose from 4% in 1963 to nearly 6% in 1964.
221)Whats the suez canal?
2)Reaction of Egyptians?
3)What did the british do back?
1)in Egypt, central to maintain links with overseas possessions and the main source of oil in the Middle East-Britain had military bases in Egypt located along the length of the canal in an area known as the Canal Zone.
2) Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, which had allowed Britain to station troops in the country until 1956.
3)The Egyptian authorities objected to the British presence and in October 1951 they broke the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty.encouraged attacks on British installations and personnel. These attack took the form of riots, attacks on servicemen and their families and the sabotage of facilities often condoned by or with the active participation of the Egyptian Police. In January 1952 these attacks led to British troops storming the Egyptian police barracks to suppress unrest in the area.
-Two years later, Britain agreed to withdraw its troops from the Canal Zone by June 1956.
231)How much oil did Suez canal provided western Europe?
2)What did PM at the time do to help with suez crisis
1)80%
2)Eden met with France and Israel and agreed to invade Egypt. Us opposed this and Britain was in financial crisis. Eden and Britain’s reputation was damaged.
241)What was the effect of Suez crisis and when was it?
2)What happend to the reputation as of Suez crisis?
3)Who in charge during this ?
4)How many people was employed in service industires in 1960?
1)1956 - Suez crisis exposed financial weaknesses and started a run on the pound (fall in value of the pound)
2)Belief in Britain’s imperial power had been shaken the Suez Crisis.
3)Eden
4) nearly 5 million
251)What was the effects of WW2?
2)Who was occupied in Korea?
3)Effect of the occupation?
4)Results?
1)WW2 left Britain damaged and burdened with debts.
Britain was looming in the shadow of two new military superpowers, USA and USSR.
unemployment low
2)US in the south and Soviet Union in the north. Two separate governments,
3)1950, forces from north attacked south. 20 countries sent troops to support the south, Britain sent 90,000 troops.
3)Result was stalemate and a ceasefire was agreed in 1953.
26What did happen when to go against the EEC?
1)In 1959, Britain set up the European Free Trade Association, but this did not match the economic growth of the EEC.
1961, Macmillan applied for EEC again for economic reasons. Britain wanted to boost industrial production and expand the economy.
271)What was macmillnas relationship like with president Eisenhower and kennedy?
2)What wasThe Burgess and Maclean Affair and why placed strain on Britain’s relationship with the US?
1)It was good
2 Burgess and Maclean were highly placed officers and they defected to the Soviet Union in 1951. The revelation that British spies had been leaking vital secrets worried the Americans.
281)What was formed because of concerns of USA and USSR and nuclear weapons?
2)When formed?
3)Effect?
1)pressure group called the CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament). They wanted Britain to reject nuclear weapons.
2)1958
3)Around 8000 people took part in a demonstration at the weapons research base at Aldermaston in Berkshire in 1958.
291)Why was their concerns about nuclear weapons?
2))What did labour think about nuclear weapons?
3)When did testing first take place?
1)USA and USSR were one step ahead with nuclear power and were developing a more powerful hydrogen bomb. Britain’s ‘H’ bomb was not tested until 1957.
2)Labour committed to develop an independent nuclear deterrent. Churchill continued this,
3)the first test of the atomic bomb took place in 1952.
301)What is the Mutual defence agreement?
2)when?
3)effect?
1)USA agreed to share nuclear technology with Britain under the
2)1958
3)Britain became dependant on the American Polaris submarine weapons system, meaning Britain would not have an independent nuclear deterrent.
311)Who was apart of the EEC(EEC (European Economic Community) ?
2)When was it launched ?
3)Why did britain not join?
4)Why set up?
5)Who dominated it ?
1)six members – Germany, France, Italy Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.
2)Launched in 1957 without Britain.
3)Britain felt there was an issue with continental Europe – Germany were wartime enemies, France had been occupied and Britain won the war.
4) The right wanted to maintain trade links with Australia and New Zealand over Europe.
5)partnership between France and Germany.
321)Why was Britans application to join in 1963 rejected?
2)Who rejected it ?
3)Effect?
1)Britain wanted to maintain its position in world affairs. Lamb exports from New Zealand went against EEC economic structures.
2)French president Charles De Gaulle blocked Britain’s application to the EEC. #
3)This caused bad relations between Britain and France and Britain remained outside of the EEC.
331)When was the Mau mau rebellion?
2)Why happen?
3)What did Mau mau do?
4)Effects?
5)What did britain do?
1)broke out in Kenya in 1952.
2)had lack of politcla representation and was colonsied by Europeans
3) Mau Mau stepped up and attacked European settlers in kikuyu the attack on the village of Lari in March 1953 in which
4) 84 Kikuyu civilians, mainly women and children, were murdered.
British troops began to reinforce local forces to try and counter these attacks. tried to protect civilians and livestock.- Britain had difficulty containing the demonstration.
5) British military operations effectively ceased in November 1955.
341)Who was a close alilies for Brtian during cold war?
1)Britain and US close allies during the Cold War- Britain help US sustain West Berlin.
35What happen to british empire in 1951?
retreat from Empire begun, 1947 withdraw from India. British forces found themselves fighting against national independent movements in Malaya, Kenya and Cyprus.
361)Define monetrasism
2)Define Inflation
3)Define Austerity
1)Controlling supply of money as the cheif-method of stabilsing the economy
2)General increase in prices and fall in purchasing value of moeny
3)Set of policies aimed to reduce Gov budget deficits through spending cuts,tax increases or both
371)Define WTO(World trade org)?
2)Define IMF?
3)Define Bevanites
4)Define decolonisation
1)International body response for negotating and monitoring trade agreement between countries
2)International monetary fund,scheme inteded to prevent going bankrupt.Began in 1947 .over 150 countiries joined paid into central fund which could draw in time of need
3)Followers if Anearin Bevin"Hero of the Left"
4)Granting of independence by Brtiain to majority of its colonies and dependenices.
381)What was profumo scandel?
1) John Profumo, the Secretary of State for War in Harold Macmillan's Conservative government
had an extramarital affair with 19-year-old model Christine Keeler beginning in 1961.