KINE 3660 2

Frequency, Intensity, Type, Time, Duration

Acute exercise activates the reticular formation, increasing norepinephrine levels (inverted U hypothesis)

Catecholamines breached the blood brain barrier, affecting the brain negatively

Peripheral catecholamines act on the vagus nerve to stimulate the locus coeruleus indirectly

They act on the afferent vagus nerve, indirectly stimulating the locus coeruleus

Low concentrations, low neural firing

Increased norepinephrine and dopamine binding, optimal performance

Increased norepinephrine, decreased dopamine activity, increased serotonin

More experimental control and manipulation possible

May not accurately represent human processes or conditions

Increased norepinephrine and serotonin, excessive dopamine binding

Stimulates fat metabolism, gluconeogenesis, muscle function, blood pressure, heart rate, and fluid retention

Improved mood, executive function, working memory, visuo-spatial memory, attention, inhibition

Increased myelination, synapses, blood flow, brain water, cerebral metabolic rate, elasticity of the skull

Asthma, sleep apnea, bone/joint issues, type II diabetes

Bullying, isolation, depression, low self-esteem

Low-fit children improve more in attention and working memory after moderate exercise

Low-fit have slower reaction time and worse inhibition; high-fit show better visual discrimination

Higher fitness leads to more efficient brain resource use

Active breaks, movement-based lessons

Better cognition, attention, behavior, and academic performance

Improved fitness, health, psychology, and mental functioning

Higher BDNF in sedentary kids may reflect methods, not physiology

Exercise plus medication reduces anxiety, depression, social problems

The sickest 5%

Those with the most to gain from improved health

Increased BDNF, better memory, neurogenesis, larger hippocampal volume

3x/week, 20 min, moderate intensity (60–75%), for 6 months

~150 bpm for 20 minutes, fun and safe

Improved oxygen metabolism enhances cognition through neurotransmitter function

Enhanced motor planning improves perceptual speed and cognition

Exercise increases cerebral blood flow relative to baseline

Chronic exercise boosts BDNF, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis

Neurogenesis, neuroprotection, neuroplasticity

Measurement limits prevent verifying hippocampal increase

Purpose (rehab), location (home), age (25–64), gender (male), under treatment

10% volume loss, neuron loss, gray/white matter decline, fewer capillaries, altered genes

Functional decline and compensatory neural recruitment

Crystallized intelligence (verbal, memory, emotional processing)

Fluid intelligence, speed, accuracy, working memory, inhibition

Both aerobic and anaerobic (mostly aerobic studied)

Better visual processing, executive control, frontal and hippocampal activity

Increased hippocampal volume

Improved BDNF and memory

Less muscle loss, fewer falls, faster processing, better attention and memory

Improved cognitive flexibility and attention control

Increased hippocampal volume, synapses, angiogenesis, preserved gray and white matter

Excessive worry for ≥6 months causing distress, with symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, and sleep issues

Median onset 30, more common in women, 33% of adults have anxiety, 6.2% generalized

Short-term, situation-based anxiety

Chronic general anxiety

Aerobic exercise 3x/week, 20 min, 40–60% intensity for 4–6 weeks

Accumulated neural resources mitigating age-related decline

Repair and preservation of brain structure (neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis)

Recruitment of extra neural resources to maintain cognition under demand