PMB 150 plant cell biology part 2

In response to light, where does auxin accumulate?

how is auxin gradient established?

how does auxin induce gene expression?

how were GAs originally identified?

what 4 things do GAs promote?

how does GA promote growth?

how do GAs promote elongation?

loss of function mutants in GA synthesis are

mutants in GA3ox genes have reduced _________ but not ___________

how does GA induce gene expression?

biosynthesis mutants (can / cannot) be rescued by GA application

GID1 encodes ______, and mutants (can / cannot) be rescued by GA application

at high salt levels _______ is necessary for survival

ABA promotes

seed germination requires ___________ and ______________

GA signalling transcribes _________, which ___________

T-DNA includes biosynthesis genes for ______ and ________, which produces a _______

if T-DNA only has auxin genes, the tumor produced will be

if T-DNA only has CK genes, the tumor produced will be

elevated CK production promotes __________ and restricts _______

IPT genes synthesizes

In CK signalling, CK first binds to __________, which ________. Finally, ___________

What are the 3 types of CK regulators, and are they positive or negative?

type C ARRs ____________

type A ARRs negatively regulate CK signalling by

type B ARRs have a ________ domain, which allows it to ________

CK can directly stimulate ________, but auxins repress __________ by _______

CK delays

Loss-of-function mutants affecting CK synthesis or signalling are

BR biosyntehsis involves a

grafting studies suggest that BR

BR is perceived at the ________ by ___________

BRI1 and BAK1 interact through

the 4 cytoplasmic BR signalling events are:

BIN2 is

BIN2 is inactivated by

BR promotes

BRI1 mutant in barley has

auxin induces expression of a _____ synthesis enzyme

what 2 major hormones regulate plant response to stress?

ETH regulates these 4 things

When germinating in the dark, impeded seedlings produce

The response to ethylene is very (slow / fast)

The two key ethylene biosynthesis enzymes are

Soil bacteria can reduce ethylene levels in plants by

ETR1 encodes

Ethylene receptors ___________ regulate responses

what is the order of action of the genes in ethylene signaling pathway?

if CTR1 is active, ETH responses are ____

in the abscence of ETH, CTR1

ETH restricts _______ in the dark

ETH's effects are mediated by ______ in the root

ETH promotes _______ in flowers

Ripening includes these 4 hallmarks of scenescence

hypoxia means

hypoxia by flooding increases _________ synthesis

in response to hypoxia, ETH induces

In deepwater rice, ethylene induces

ETH elongation response is encoded by the TFs _____ and __________

ABA is synthesized in

ABA is derived from

After water stress ABA accumulates in

ABA biosynthesis mutants

Plants initially sense drought through their __________ and mediate the response through ___________

________ receptors are required for ABA responses

Receptors bind ABA in

phosphorylation of _______ promotes ABA response

ABI1 encodes

ABI1 mutants are all

________ can be used to monitor guard cell responses

Mutants impaired in ABA synthesis or signaling show reduced _______ in response to a decrease in humidity, so the mutants are (hotter / cooler) than WT

ABA signalling involves ABA binding to ________, which attaches to __________, which activates ________, which phosphorylates ________

ABA promotes (turgid / flaccid) guard cells in drought

_______ controls guard cell turgor

water stress and ABA promote _______ at the expense of _________

Drought stress suppresses ______ root growth while ________ root elongation is maintained

In many fruits, a peak of ABA synthesis occurs

ABA plays a more dominant role than ETH in ________ fruits

A lower ABA concentration leads to ______ fruit ripening

In young leaves ABA accumulation does not

In old leaves ABA accumulation interferes with

Biotic stress and development involves these 2 hormones

SA defends from _______ pathogens

The major SA synthesis pathway is through _______ and takes place in the _______

the minor SA synthesis is through _______ which takes place in the _______

SA is ________ in the acidic cell wall and _________ in the cytoplasm

there is evidence for _______ transport of SA

NPR1 is a major activator of______

SA accumulation contributes to a ________ environment, which causes NPR1 to ________ and move into ________ to ________

In the absence of SA and activated NPR1, defense genes are

NPR1 binds ______ transcription factors and promotes ______

TGA2 is both a ______ of SA transcription

WRKYs are a large family of _____ involved in _____ signalling

TGAs and WRKYs are negative regulators, until _______, when they become

pathogen recognition causes ______ accumulation, which leads to the production of SA

grafting studies suggest that SA (is / isn't) the mobile signal for SAR

constant SA production has high immunity but

Growth vs defense balance is mediated through

what are 2 Modes of Bypassing the Growth–Immunity Tradeoff?

SA and JA _______ each other

JAs respond to ______ pathogens

JA can be conjugated to amino acids by

for JA, _____ isthe most active compound whereas _____ may be a transport form

CO1 encodes ______ and is similar to _____ in the auxin signalling pathway

COI1 is a component of the

JA binds to the SCF complex and connects it to _______, which leads to that protein's degradation and allows _______ to transcribe

what does TPC do?

What does NINJA do in JA signalling?

JA accumulates (slow / fast) after wounding

Plants produce _______that interfere with digestion

Coronatine is a mimic of _________. it stimulates _______ responses and represses ______
responses

in addition to pathogen defense, JA also controls

SLs promote _______ and _________, but inhibits __________

symbiotic association with AM fungi helps plants

In mutant plants unable to make SLs,

Karrikins

Karrikins are perceived by

SL receptors for shoot branching evolved from

SL signaling is homologous to the auxin pathway, in which ______ is like AUX/IAA, and ______ is like ARF

D14 is

in shoots, SLs decrease

Phosphate-starved plants suppress _______ and enhance _________

in nutrient-poor soil, SL synthesis _____

name 3 processes ethylene controls in the plant

What is the ethylene triple response?