AP European History Semester Exam Review

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on
the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe;
began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries ,
England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study
of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over
collective or state control.

an intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw
Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that
humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the
service of the state

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print
information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

Non-religious

the language commonly spoken by people in a particular
country or region

A religious movement of the 16th century that began
as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of
Protestant churches.

A patron pays for art. In Italy, the Medici family and the
Pope were the greatest examples of patrons.

an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s;
it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance,
harmony, and moderation

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex
forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

A major change in European thought, starting in the
mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by
careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a
scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center
of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific
Revolution.

(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism
and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope,
studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided
evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest
for the rest of his life.

mathematician, made gravity laws and the laws of motion

English physician and scientist who described the circulation
of the blood

Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine
until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical
method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method;
1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly
seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Many people (mostly women) were accused of this and burned at
the stake in medieval and early modern Europe.

medieval chemistry; attempt to change base metal into gold

study of the stars

decision authority is located near the top of the organization

the governments of France, England, and Spain at the end
of the fifteenth century, whose rulers succeeded in reestablishing or extending
centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and
insisting on the loyalty of all peoples living in their territories

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between
German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor
and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D.,
originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy

- First secular political treatise; adopted a totally
secular view of politics; rulers should only be concerned with the preservation of
their authority, not with morals.
- Influenced many rulers, including King Henry VIII; developed the term "machiavellian".

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any
one nation from becoming too strong

Advances in military technology led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elabo
rate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy.
Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states able
to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment i.e. Spain, Sweden
and France benefitted

a system of government in which most of the important decisions
are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed
with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with
restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

the lawmaking body of British government

a movement that developed in northern Europe during
the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic
church

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation.
Wrote Praise of Folly.

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany,

baptism and communion.

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church.
They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology
known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant
Reformation and spiritual ancestor of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and Quakers

The religious reform movement
within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant
reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order
founded by Ignatius of Loyola

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III
to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing

severed ties with Rome and
allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; Queen of
England 1533-1603.

religious civil wars between Protestantism
(Huguenots) and Catholicism (French monarchy)

The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights
of public worship and religious toleration in France.

the condition in which one or more religions coexist either
as complementary to each other or as competing systems

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when
Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China
and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

the name given by Europeans to the Americas, which were unknown to most Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus

get rich, establish missions, and gain fame back home- 3
reasons of exploration

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to
promote Christianity in a foreign country.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their
wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more
goods than they bought

Advancements in ship design, navigational instruments, and weapons during the 15th century.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's
voyages.

African people were taken as slaves to be sold in America,
in America they would work in mines & plantations. The profit went to europe where
they built goods to then be sold to Africans. It was a triangle.

the science of mapmaking

an economic system in which people invested in trade
and goods in order to make profits

Banking families are families which have been involved in banking for multiple generations, in the modern era generally as owners
or co-owners of banks, often named for their families.

Capital of the Netherlands

Capital of England

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for
direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Changing the location of a field seasonally to maintain soil
fertility.

increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand
for goods-influx of gold and silver

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers
work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not
allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early
Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

When people do not feel part of their community. This may
be due to changes happening in the community like industrialization.

Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations,
droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.

A system of government in which the head of state is a
hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary
position and the king or queen has almost complete power

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued
several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism
in France.

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity
to France.

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and
Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of
expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties
to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when
James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her
husband, Prince William of Orange.

United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century
was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/
rep. govt.

Government by a few (merchants in a "merchant oligarchy"), especially by a small faction of persons or families.

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Second attempt to take over Europe; weather was cold and
rainy; weather defeated the Ottoman

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's
to 1922.

desire for increase in royal power and military glory led to
these;4 wars between 1667 and 1713 (vs. Triple Alliance,vs. United Provinces, vs.
HRE/League of Augsburg,War of Span. Succession); left France impoverished and
surrounded by enemies

Rivalry between the British and the French in the
colonies which led to the French and Indian war.

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute
monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with
Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

No guillotine, king still kicking,
feudalism abolished, popular participation, women played a role in it

Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on
ruling France, which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with

Radical leaders of the Legislative Assembly who overthrew
the government and formed a Republic in 1792. The republic attempted to spread
the revolution to other nations and unify the French under their national identify,
rather than their region or religion

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he
was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the
government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed
without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed
without trial.

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and
used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all
judged severely and most were executed.

a policy, adopted in the radical phase of the French Revolution, aimed at creating a secular society by eliminating Christian forms and
institutions from French society

The Revolutionary Army of France was the first to adopt
the practice of drafting all eligible young men to fight in the war. The army was made
up of many untrained volunteers who were known for their strength in numbers.

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and
the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led
the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control
over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because
of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint
L'Ouverture.

French general who became emperor of the French
(1769-1821)

intense drilling of the soldiers, speedy battlefield
movement, combined arms assaults between infantry, cavalry, and artillery, relatively small numbers of cannon, short-range musket fire, and bayonet charges.

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European
monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Economic decisions are made by individuals or the open
market.

The time when human beings first domesticated
plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

A system developed in the eighteenth century in which
tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes;
also known as cottage industry.

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory,
commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

A series of improvements in industrial technology that
transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Forced labor of people considered property by the people in
charge

Created by advertisement, and began the feeling of need
to buy things.

the basic material from which a product is made.

3 way trade btwn Europe America/West Indies and Africa;
revolved around slavery(slavery, cash crops, goods for slave societies)

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science
should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of
reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech
was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the
corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it
would help people think more rationally and critically.

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and
freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and
art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated
in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social
Contract."

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the
right to life, liberty, and property

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and
others exchanged ideas

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor
to modern Capitalism.

international trade free of government interference

An economic system in which prices and wages are determined
by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or
fear of monopolies.

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God
isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for
certain.

Belief that God does not exist

people allowing other people to think or practice other
religions and beliefs

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather
than reason

The introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism
to stimulate the production of antibodies.

the right of people not to reveal information about themselves

time period during which the desire for exotic imports
increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth