Life Science Midterm Study Guide

A person who observes nature using their senses, experimenting, and is always a trained scientist who closely study, sense & notes

Created detailed classification charts and wrote notes about what he finds

By comparing characteristics

Chart data and details of organism's characteristics and write in textbook

Basic unit of living things

Scientific classification by two-part naming system

Classification system (classifies organisms, names everything)

Simple organism split, divide...everything we study in class!

Organism made up of many cells

Organism that creates its own food through photosynthesis

Organism that gets its nutrients by eating other organisms

An extremophile that can withstand very salty environments

Robert Hooke

Theodor Schwann

Discovered all cells come from pre-existing cells

Took the first picture of DNA and saw it was a double helix

Discovered and defined natural selection

The book of laws

Double helix structure of DNA

DNA/chromosomes, acid, directions to the cell, holds our traits

Tells our cells what to do and gives us traits, passed down from parents, random survey of DNA

Variety of life in ecosystem, species, and genetics

Shows flow of energy among one line of organisms interacting with each other

Shows food chains and how they connect to each other, shows the amount of energy passed through communities, each bar shows energy pyramid

Interaction between living and abiotic things in ecosystem

Species that hunts live prey

Species that can be a herbivore/omnivore/carnivore

Species that can only eat plants

Species that breaks plants and animals

Shows who eats/what feed and what dead matter (plants & animals) and brings only the species they need

Species that make food that eats producers

Trophic level that eats plants/primary consumers

Trophic level that eats secondary consumers

Homo sapiens

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Plant cells have: 1) Cell wall for structure and protection 2) Large central vacuole for storage 3) Chloroplasts for photosynthesis 4) Usually rectangular shape. Animal cells lack these features and are usually irregular in shape

Cell membrane (controls what enters/exits), Nucleus (contains DNA), Mitochondria (powerhouse - energy production), Endoplasmic reticulum (protein transport), Golgi apparatus (packages proteins), Ribosomes (protein synthesis), Cytoplasm (gel-like substance containing organelles)

Cell wall (structural support), Cell membrane, Nucleus, Chloroplasts (photosynthesis), Large vacuole (storage), Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm

A-T (Adenine-Thymine) and G-C (Guanine-Cytosine). These pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy (Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy)

Breaking down of sugar to make ATP without oxygen (anaerobically). Occurs when cells need energy but oxygen isn't available

Green light - it's reflected by chlorophyll, which is why plants appear green

In the chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoid membranes where chlorophyll is located

In the mitochondria, specifically in the cristae (inner folded membranes), because this is where ATP synthesis enzymes are located

1. Observation/Research 2. Ask Questions 3. Form Hypothesis (If/Then) 4. Design Experiment (Methods/Variables) 5. Collect Data 6. Analyze Results 7. Form Conclusion 8. Confirm/Reject Hypothesis 9. Report Findings

1. Always wear proper protective equipment (goggles, gloves, lab coat) 2. No eating or drinking in lab 3. Know emergency procedures 4. No horseplay 5. Clean workspace 6. Proper chemical handling 7. Report accidents immediately

Universe → Galaxy → Solar System → Planet → Continent → Ecosystem → Community → Population → Organism → Organ Systems → Organs → Tissues → Cells → Organelles → Molecules → Atoms

Prokaryotic: No membrane-bound organelles, No true nucleus, Single circular DNA, Smaller size, Simple structure, No cytoskeleton. Eukaryotic: Has membrane-bound organelles, True nucleus with nuclear membrane, Multiple linear DNA molecules, Larger size, Complex structure, Has cytoskeleton

Eyepiece, Body tube, Nosepiece, Objective lenses, Stage, Mirror/Light source, Base

Flagella (whip-like structure for swimming), Cilia (hair-like structures for movement), Pseudopods (false feet for amoeboid movement)

23 pairs (46 total)

Pairs to be muscle or brain

Genetic differences

DNA makes RNA which codes for proteins

Can cause changes in chromosomes or mutations

Gene/DNA mutation

Gene mutations affect genes, chromosome mutations affect part of chromosome structure

Things in environment that can cause a mutation (UV rays, radiation, harmful chemicals)

Mutations that help adapt the organism to survive better

One step to the next

90% of energy is lost

First level (producers): 100,000 units, Second level: 10,000 units, Third level: 1,000 units, Fourth level: 100 units

Energy source

Flow of energy or transfer of matter

Plant life up, able to change

Plant life down, leads to death

Kills life starts over

Hard to adapt

Physical: shape/size changes temporarily. Chemical: creates a new substance permanently, physical property changes

Multicellular, heterotrophs (absorb nutrients), reproduce by spores

Thermal energy is the measure of average kinetic energy of particles, heat is the flow of thermal energy from higher to lower temperature

Reproductive part that produce spores

Between plants, animals, fungi; eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, some multicellular, heterotrophs or autotrophs

Formation of food chain, produce oxygen, and some compose ancient fuel

Protozoa (animal-like), Plant-like, Fungi-like

1. Pseudopods (amoeboid movement) 2. Cilia 3. Flagella 4. All three methods

1. Produce photosynthesis 2. Look more plant-like 3. Moist underlying

It's a type of algae (in protists) some species cause glowing

Fall - when there is decaying matter & food

Moist, decaying matter, nutrients, fungus, anything decaying is food

Slime mold is multicellular; they but work as one mass

Multicellular, prokaryotic, live in extreme habitats without some eukaryotic features

Salt halophilic, Acidic (low pH), Hot + Flatmethane

Unicellular, prokaryotic, moves with flagella, true bacteria

1. Cocci (spherical) 2. Bacilli (rod) 3. Spirilla (spiral)

1. Vascular system 2. Flowers 3. Seeds/order seed formation

1. Angiosperms (seeds in fruit) - ex: vascular, developed seeds 2. Gymnosperms (seeds in cones) - ex: vascular, well-differentiated 3. Seedless vascular plants - ex: vascular, well-differentiated 4. Bryophytes (mosses) - seedless, non-vascular