1What are alkali metals?
Metals in Group 1, very reactive, 1 valence electron, soft, lose 1 electron
2What are alkaline earth metals?
Metals in Group 2, reactive but less than alkali metals, 2 valence electrons, harder than alkali, lose 2 electrons
3What are transition metals?
Metals in the middle of the table, strong, good conductors, can have multiple charges
4What are halogens?
Nonmetals in Group 17, very reactive, 7 valence electrons, gain 1 electron, form salts with metals
5What are noble gases?
Nonmetals in Group 18, full outer shell, very stable, almost never react, gases
6What are metalloids?
properties of both metals and nonmetals, semiconductors, solid at room temp
7What are nonmetals?
Elements that are dull, poor conductors, gain or share electrons
8What is Hydrogen’s symbol?
H
9What is Helium’s symbol?
He
10What is Lithium’s symbol?
Li
11What is Beryllium’s symbol?
Be
12What is Boron’s symbol?
B
13What is Carbon’s symbol?
C
14What is Nitrogen’s symbol?
N
15What is Oxygen’s symbol?
O
16What is Fluorine’s symbol?
F
17What is Neon’s symbol?
Ne
18What is Sodium’s symbol?
Na
19What is Magnesium’s symbol?
Mg
20What is Aluminum’s symbol?
Al
21What is Silicon’s symbol?
Si
22What is Phosphorus’s symbol?
P
23What is Sulfur’s symbol?
S
24What is Chlorine’s symbol?
Cl
25What is Argon’s symbol?
Ar
26What is Potassium’s symbol?
K
27What is Calcium’s symbol?
Ca
28What are the classifications of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas, and sometimes plasma; based on shape and volume
29What are physical properties of matter?
Properties that can be observed without changing the substance, like colour, melting point, density
30What are chemical properties of matter?
Properties that describe how a substance reacts with others, like flammability, reactivity
31How do you calculate density for regular objects?
Density = mass ÷ volume
32How do you calculate density for irregular objects?
Use water displacement to find volume, then Density = mass ÷ volume
33What is a physical change?
A change that affects appearance but not chemical identity, like melting or boiling
34What is a chemical change?
A change that produces a new substance, like burning or rusting
35What are periodic trends?
Patterns in properties of elements across periods and groups, like atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity
36What are subatomic particles?
Protons (+), neutrons (neutral), electrons (−)
37How do you calculate neutrons?
Neutrons = Mass number − Atomic number
38What is a Bohr-Rutherford diagram?
A diagram showing protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in shells around it
39What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
40What is a Lewis-dot diagram?
A diagram showing only the valence electrons as dots around the element symbol
41What are ions?
Atoms that have gained or lost electrons to become charged; metals → cations, nonmetals → anions
42What are some signs of a chemical change?
Color change, gas production, temperature change, formation of a precipitate, change is usually not easily reversible
43What are some signs of a physical change?
Change in shape, size, or state, dissolving, usually reversible
44What is particle theory?
All matter is made of tiny particles, which are constantly moving, have spaces between them, and attract each other
45metals typically form __
caions
46nonmetals typically form __
anions
47___, ____ and _____ do not form ions at all
carbon silicone and noble gases
48what are most halogens
gases except bromine and iodine which are liquids but when heated they become gases
49what are atoms?
the smallest building blocks
50what are molecules
elements bonded together, can be the same ones or different
51what are compounds
elements chemically bonded together, 2 types ionic and covalent
52what are ionic compounds
when a metal transfers an electron to a nonmetal to fill both valence shells
53what is a covalent compound
when nonmetal atoms share their electrons to fill their valence shell