clinical aspects part 1

accumulation of fatty deposits within the lining of an artery

type of deposits in atherosclerosis

Plaques gradually thicken and harden with fi brous material, cells, and other deposits, restricting the vessel’s lumen (opening) and reducing blood fl ow to the tissues

A major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis is

abnormally high levels or imbalance in lipoproteins that are carried in the blood, especially high levels of cholesterol-containing, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

the formation of a blood clot within a vessel.

interrupts blood flow to the tissues supplied by that vessel, resulting in necrosis

tissue death

Blockage of a vessel by a thrombus or other mass carried in the bloodstream is

mass itself is called

An embolus from a carotid artery often blocks a cerebral vessel, causing a

cerebrovascular accident, also known as

arterial wall weakened by atherosclerosis, malformation, injury, or other changes may balloon out.

Rupture of a cerebral artery is another cause of

Blood pressure is measured in units of

defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg.

results from atherosclerosis in the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle.

An early sign of CAD is the type of chest pain.

This is a feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion

heart attack

Degenerative changes in the arteries predispose a person to thrombosis and sudden coronary artery occlusion

The resultant area of myocardial necrosis is termed an

any irregularity of heart rhythm
such as an altered heart rate, extra beats, or a change in the pattern

slower-than-average rate

higher than average rate

an extremely rapid, ineffective heartbeat, especially dangerous when it affects the ventricles.

general term for restoration of a normal heart rhythm
either by drugs or application of electric current.
defibrillation & cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),

newer approach to the treatment of heart rhythm irregularities

refers to any condition in which the heart fails to empty effectively

increased pressure in the venous system leads to

One of causes Heart failure
severe disturbance in the circulatory system resulting in inadequate blood delivery to the tissues

caused by heart failure

caused by loss of blood volume

caused by bacterial infection

caused by severe allergic reaction

changes in the areas under and around the toenails and fingernails that occur with some disorders.

any defect that is present at birth.

The most common heart defect
hole in the septum (wall) that separates the atria or the septum that separates the ventricles

a small bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth

Failure of a valve to open or close properly is evidenced by a murmur, an abnormal sound heard as the heart cycles.