PRELIMS

an interdisciplinary course designed to
examine the ways that science and technology shape, and are shaped by, our society,
politics, and culture.

is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions
and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths.

is the application of science and creation of systems, processes and
objects designed to help humans in their daily activities.

is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions
that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create things.

problems in modern society involve not only technology but also

involved practical arts like healing practices
and metal tradition.

was renowned for his knowledge of medicine. Most historians agree that
the heart of Egyptian medicine was trial and error.

is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant,
a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.

filled with inventions that,
although they sound commonplace today, revolutionized life during those times.

were using compasses to aid
themselves in their travels.

were making pottery using the
first known potter’s wheel. Not long after, horse-­drawn chariots were being used.

were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell,
they were the first true scientists.

This period produced substantial advances in scientific knowledge,

was a period of cultural, economic and scientific
flourishing in the history of Islam,

where scholars from various
parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and
translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language and
subsequently development in various fields of sciences began.

which
is the direction in which to pray, botany is applied in agriculture and geography
enabled scientists to make accurate maps.

produced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of hundred
of drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds. Islamic doctors
describe diseases like smallpox and measles, and challenged classical Greek
medical knowledge.

Ancient China gave the world____ that include the
compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing.

"Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press
were the three great inventions which ushered in bourgeois society. Gunpowder
blew up the knightly class, the compass discovered the world market and found
the colonies, and the printing press was the instrument of Protestantism and the
regeneration of science in general;; the most powerful lever for creating the
intellectual prerequisites.”

The 14th century was the beginning of the cultural movement of the
Renaissance, which was considered by many as the

The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was
accelerated after the

democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas.

coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the
early phase of the Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630.

has argued for a two-­phase model of early modern science: a Scientific
Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the restoration of the
natural knowledge of the ancients;; and a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century,
when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation.

The most important technological advance of all in this period

wooden press.

Enlightenment Period or the Age of

was characterized by
radical reorientation in science, which emphasized reason over superstition and
science over blind faith. This period produced numerous books, essays,
inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions.

The invention spread
like the wind, reaching Italy by 1467, Hungary and Poland in the 1470s, and
Scandinavia by 1483.

The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were

was an important century in the history of the sciences. It
generated entirely novel insights in all areas of research – often thanks to the
introduction of novel research methods – and it established an intimate connection
between science and technology.

The start of the 20th century was strongly marked by Einstein’s formulation