Punishment

• Wasn't Effective Deterrent-

It Became Entertainment and People Gathered Laughing & Drinking. It was Publicised In Newspapers & Factories Closed On Exacution Days.

• Government Feared Couldn't Keep Order-

Always Risk that Criminals could Escape or get Rescued When Criminals were Popular or Thought They Were innocent.

• By 1800s Juries & Courts Became Less Likely to Convict (find Somebody Guilty) People who Commited Minor Crimes because they thought it was Too Harsh. (Pious Perjury)

• People Believed Punishment Should Fit the Crime and that Criminal Should Be Reformed and Not Just Pay For Their Crimes.

• Judges don't want to give the Death Penalty more likely to give Transportation (Pious Perjury)

• The British Empire could Claim Australia

• Crime in Britain would Decrease

• Harsh Punishment therefore a Deterrent

• Reform the Convict (mend their ways and stop them from being a criminal)

• Many Died on the Journey to Australia.

Prisoners who Committed Further Crimes Were Whipped and Sent to More Distance Settlements.

Environment was Unforgiving & Unknown so it was Seen As an Effective Deterrent.

• Good Behaviour By Criminals could get them a 'Ticket Of Leave'
(early release). This Gave Prisoners Motivation To Behave (reform).

• Juries were More Likely To Sentence People to Transportation.

• By 1830s Only Few Died During the 4-month trip.

• Prisoners Who Failed To Complete the Sentence Returned to Britain and Scentenced to Death
(didn't work).

• Britain's Crime Rate had increased.

• The Settlers in Australia Protested About "Dumping" the Convicts In Their Country.

• Gold was Discovered in Australia and Thousands Of People Tried To Go There . (criminals were already there. It made it sound like Australia was a country of opportunity)

• Transportation was Described as a Summer's Journey To a Happy and Better Climate.

• Only a Minority of Convicts Chose to Return to Britain Once a Sentence Was Up.

• Transportation was Costing Half Million Pounds Every Year.

• Wages in Australia were Higher than Britain.

• Most of the Prisoners Were Sentenced For Debt

• The Ability to Pay Determined Experience Of Prison Life you could pay for extras (e.g non-stale bread)

• Gaolers (jailers) had No Salary so they Relied On Charging Prisoners For Extras (food, visits and pets)

• Poor prisoners would Not Be Able To Leave because they had to Pay a Leaving Fee.

• The Poorest Lived In Crowded Conditions and Relied On Charities To Pay Their Fees.

• No Concept Of Prisoners Rights and All Sorts of Prisoners were Together.

Debters (people in debt)

They charged criminals for extra fees (shared bed was 1 shilling 3 pence a week)

Home Secretary Robert Peel's Goal Act 1823

WHAT DID IT CHANGE
ONLY APPLIED TO MAIN TOWNS & CITIES

• Put Into Groups e.g Seperated Women and Men, Serious Criminals and Debtors

• Paid Goalers

• Prisons had to be Healthy so Fresh Water & Good Food

• Each Prison had to have a Governor and a Chaplain

Seperate System: Prisoners Separated to Reflect, Reform and Change their ways.

Solitary Confinement Meant many Prisoners Broke Down, Became insane or Committed Suicide. (1842)

Then it led to...

Silent System:
Could See the Fellow in-mates but Weren't Allowed To Talk. (1860s)

ACTIONS

• Visited Newgate Prison (shocked by conditions)

• Teaches sewing and leads bible classes at Newgate Prison

• Charity work helping the Sick & Poor

• Wrote Letters and Campaigns for Wider Prison Reform

• Helps set up Association for the Reformation of Female prisoners at to Campaign for Better Conditions

OUTCOMES

• Ensured Female Wardens are Employed to Work with Female and Child prisoners

• Improves Living Conditions Providing Prisoners with Furniture and Clothing

ACTIONS

• Visited Gaols and was Outraged by the Conditions.

• He was Concerned that some Prisoners were Kept In as They could Not Afford their Release Fee. So he Pesuaded Parliment to Ensure that Prisores who Finished their sentence were Released.

• Toured other Prisons, looking for Good Examples to Remodel the Gaols.

• Made Visits to Individual Gaolers to Persuade them to Improve their Practises

• Recommends Clean, Decent Food and water and Useful Work for the prisoners.

OUTCOME

• Published The State of Prisons in England and Wales, Providing Evidence for Other Prison Reformers