Exam 1 Catch-All Deck

Systematic changes that occur between conception and death

Biopsychosocial development and spiritual development

Relatively permanent and functionally significant

Scientists currently agree that there is no linear pattern of development, there is plenty of variability

Genetics - personality and appearance
Nurture - what do you experience as a result of your environment? How were your parents raising you? Socialization process? culture

Are we active in the development of our own future or are we controlled by something? Determinism, almost

This dilemma looks at whether humans stay the same across time or if we are flexible, able, and do change over time

Continuity - do we change gradually like a linear line?
Discontinuity - Is change like a staircase marked with sudden differences

Are all developmental changes common at all palces and times or do they differ depending on the cultural or historical time period?

Age grades are socially defined age groups in society

They establish the statuses, roles, privileges, responsibilities, and expecations of that particular age grade

Rites of passage are stereotypical highlight transitions that signify movement from one age grade to another

The behavioral expectations that we have to particular ages - what should you be doing at your age?

Age norms have weakened in American culture and their is more flexibility nowadays that ever before

The social clock says which sequence of events are normal for most people (marriage, ending in education, retirement, having kids) (what follows what/what comes before what?)

The social clock provides stability and a structured life that helps us know what to follow, but it can cause discrimination based on age

The biological clock are physical changes that we experience as we age.

Loss of muscle tone, bone density.

The sequence of physical changes is similar but the rate at which they occur vary between people

Culture is the social environment in which we grow up in. It teaches us our values, practices, beliefs, and traditions. It also gives us our social clock and life expectations, which vary by culture

Cohorts are people that are born around the same particular time - Gen X/Gen Z, Boomers. They experience many of the same events and have similar attitudes/values

Normative age-graded influences are influences like the social and biological clock that are linked to age and experience by most adults as they grow older

Normative history-graded influences - Influences connected to historical events and conditions that impact everyone in a culture and cohort at the same time

Being off-tmie and not following the social clock or are off-time, which are more difficult to deal with

Death of a spouse in early adulthood, never graduating high school, staying in parent's home at 30, etc

Emerging adulthood - 18-25 - transition period of becoming an adult
Early aduthood - 25-40 - Figuring out how to establish yourself as an adult
Middle Adulthood- 40-65 - maintaining your adult roles
Late adulthood - 65+ -

Chronological age is literally how old you are

Biological age - physical condition

Psychological age- your maturity and ability to adjust to the environment

social age- age timing of taking on adult roles

Functional age - your ability to functionally perform (What does your level of functioning indicate?

Life span is lifelong process and no period takes precedence

Life span is multidirectional

Lifespan is flexible

Lifespan has historical and cultural influences

Lifespan is contextualized by age-grade, history-grade, and non-normative influences

How people change over time and what age-variables are associated with change

Chronlogical age as well as parenting styles, SES, employment status

Verbal reports- interviews or surveys - social desirability risk

Behavioral observations - naturalistic and lab observations

Physiological measurements - weight, genes, BMI

Cross-sectional - multiple age groups at the same time

Longitudinal - same participants studied at different ages

Sequential - Several cross-sectional or longitudinal studies started at varying times

Cross-sectional - You can only learn about age differences since you learn nothing about how peoplee change with age

Longitudinal designs - It can document age-related changes, but is time consuming, costly, and participants drop out

Reliability - can we obtain the same result every time

Validity - does it correlate with other measures of the same concept and does it actually measure what it is supposed to

A measure can be less valid than it is reliable, but it cannot be more valid than it is reliable

Informed consent Avoid coercion
Beneficence ( Cost / risk ) benefit analysis for participants
Justice -How are participants selected? Do they represent the people who will benefit from the study

Fidelity and responsibility - establish trusting relationships and act responsible

Integrity - be truthful and honest

 Expected behaviors and attitudes that come with one’s societal position or life
course/cycle stage.

 Social Role Theory (early version) - Early adulthood = acquire new roles Late adulthood = relinquish those roles

Social Role Theory (modern version) -  Role's change (or transition) over the lifespan,Goal is not simply “adding” or “subtracting, changes/transitions are governed by the social clock

Gender role - how men and women are expected to behave - masculinity/femininity
gender role expansion exists in midlife

Gender stereotype - set of shared generalizations about what all men and all women have in common

Men - instrumental - competitive, daring, aggressive, dominant, analytical
women - communal - afffectionate, nurturing

Masculinity Femininity distribution

Observations of every day life, especially when we see one group overrepresented in a particular social role

Identity exploration, instability, feeling in-between phases, self focus, and the optimistic exploration of possibilities

Prominent in the West and is focused on achieving autonomy and self-development

Marital rates have decreased while cohabitation has increased, yet marriage is still the preferred form of a committed relationship

Many couples say they value egalitarian relationships, but household tasks are still gendered

In preparation to marriage, as opposed to marriage, so they don't have to be single

Marital selection effect - better health = more marriable, healthy people marry healthy people

Marital resources effect - married people have a larger pool of resources

Marital crisis effect - married people go through less crisis / chronic break-up cycle or becoming a widow

90%

Arrival of the first child

Parental investment is related to the time and resources invested in each child

women are more invested because they go through birth, pregnancy, breast feeding, and because women can only focus on their one offspring while men can make many

Men and women view being acouple as an exchange of goods and services, in which women will be caretakers and women will be providers

Men spend more time at their job than women after becoming parents

Most parents see a decrease in marital satisfaction across age groups, SES, and countries

Empty nest - example of role change not abandonment

Can be a second honey moon since there is more time to spend with one's spouse and one has fewer responsibilities.

Sandwich generation

quality of relationships growing up with your parents

Collectivism

Daughters are most likely to take care of the parent in poor health

Caregiver burdens include depression, lower marital satisfaction, medication

Job satisfaction and social support?

Dependency-support script - tendency to focus immediately on dependence while encouraging social interaction. Results in less positive everday experiences because we value teh dependence we lost and feel like interactions with family are because you are needy

Independence-ignore script - tendency to ignore independent behaviors and discourages social interaction - results in less positive everday experiences and feels like people only come around if there is a problem

Lifelong singles are increasing because of lifestyle, career, personality choices. They are among the healthiest, second to married couples, but they are lonely later in life. They face challenges of supportive networks and financial security

Childlessness is increasing in prevalance and is positively correlated with educational attainment. It is often a choice, but not always

Geographically, standard of living, and our life style

They are part of our identity and bolster our self-concept

Super's life-span theory - our career develops in stages

Life-space theory - work roles are not isolated - we occupy many roles at the same time

Work-role salience is the importance of work over time

Growth 4-14: Develop our self concept, purpose, and competency

Exploration 15-24: Try differenet roles as we navigate school, work, and life

Establishment 25-44: Secure a job, stabilize that job, advance our career

Maintenance 44-65: Retain our job

Disengagement 65+: Downgrade our workload and focus on other aspects of life

Realistic - mechanic, farmer, factory worker because they are shy and like hands-on labor

Artistic - writer or musician because they are expressive

Investigative -- Scientist and academic because they are analytical and inquisitive

Social - counseling, teaching, nurse because they are sociable and cooperative

Enterprising - salesman, lawyer, business owner because they are ambitious

Conventional - accountant or manager because they are efficient and practical

High e and high c = identity achievement
High e and low c = moratorium
low e and high c = foreclosure
low e and low c = diffusion

people oriented and feminine jobs versus things, stuff, and masculinity

Women start working fewer hours 2 years before marriage and men start working more hours 4 years before marriage

Men work more fulltime positions because they aren't expected to shift their life when becoming a parent

Women work more part time positions because they have to balance the child-rearing more, and because they may have to leave their job when becoming a mother, only to return as part time when their child permits it

Social class, models of careers by one's family, marital status of one's parents, different career interests by gender, anticipation of different career patterns, and lack of encouragement

Job expertise refers to the skills and knowledge that one has. It does not decline with age

Job training and retraining - our workforce is getting older, and career recycling is occuring more often

Job satisfaction - older workers in general are more happy with theier jobs than younger workers

Job burnout is teh exhaustion that occurs and reduced effectiveness that one has with their job. THose who use their job to validate themselves are at a greater risk

Role-overload : Second shift, most typically for women, and just never being able to relax

Workplace supports - do you have time-flexible policies at worK? Day care support? paid maternity leave? Paternity leave? sick days? etc.

Dual-earners / / the married earn more and most have children

Women do most of the houeswork and childcare.

Men do most of the paid labor

Trick question because men and women equally do all three in regards to toal time

Health, family, career commitments, leisure interests or lacktherof, lack of money

age of retirement is increasing worldwide and the state of one's personal finances most strongly influences the retirement choice

They get half of their income from social security and 25% from their current job

65% has the most improved financial health of any other age group

Shunning retirement - often an attitude felt by the highly educated or extremely poor

returning to the workforce occurs for 25% of older workers

Volunteer work

Gradual retirement (bridge jobs) you go wherever your job needs you department wise to be a mentor and provide aid, but you have less pay and benefits

Phased retirement - we're not sure