B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Carbon can form 4 single covalent bonds

Atoms will covently bond with other atoms for stability by gaining a full shell of electrons
covalent bond formation does not lead to an equal sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.

Hydroxyl,
carbonyl,
carboxyl,
amine,
phosphate

Carbohydrates,
lipds,
proteins
, nucleic
acids

Amylopectin, Glycogen

Amylose, cellulose

Alpha glucose, beta glucose, ribose, deoxyribose

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

simple unit that makes up larger molecules

repeating units of monomers

Monomers join together by taking out an OH and an H. Resulting in a loss of a water molecule (H2O).

ATP is easily resynthesized in a condensation reaction that adds an inorganic phosphate group to ADP

Monosaccharide units are joined by a carbon-oxygen linkage known as a glycosidic bond to form a chain called a polysaccharide. When amino acids bond, water is lost and the nitrogen and carbon bond to form a peptide bond, and creates a polypeptide.

chemical reaction where polymer gets broken by water(water breaks bonds) into smallar subunits

A polysaccharide releases energy when digested via a hydrolysis reaction > broken down into monosaccharides.
The hydrolysis reaction of polypeptides breaks them down into monomers that are amino acids

Single sugar molecule,
3-7 carbon atoms
ring structure,
hydrophilic ( soluble in water)

Pentoses form a 5C ring
hexoses form a 6C ring.

Soluble in water,
easily transported through cell membranes,
needed to make ATP during cellular respiration

Polymers of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds to form a chain

Monomer: Alpha glucose
Branches: no
Helix shape: yes
Glycosidic bond: 1,4
Found in cell type: plant

Monomer:Alpha glucose
Branches: yes(aprox. every 20 monomers)
Helix shape: no
Glycosidic bond: 1,4 + 1,6
Found in cell type: plant

Monomer: alpha - glucose
Branches: yes(aprox every 10 monomers)
Helix shape: no
Glycosidic bond: 1,4 + 1,6
Found in cell type: Animal

Monomer: Beta - glucose
Branches: no
Helix shape: no
Glycosidic bond: 1,4
Found in cell type: plant

Becoming tightly compacted through coiling helps keep energy stored for a later time. In cellulose, it also provides strength in its structure

Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen, and Cellulose are formed by condensation reactions, polysaccharides release energy via a hydrolysis reaction

Polymerization reaction in which two molecules join together
Water is produced

Alpha glucose has the H above and the OH below the carbon 1, the bond is pointing down
Beta glucose has the OH above and the H below the carbon 1, the bond is pointing up.

bundles of around 36 cellulose chains that are embedded in a matrix of hemicelluloses and lignin.

Maintains rigidity strength and shape of cell walls.

cell-cell recognition which aids organisation of tissues and allows foreign cells or infected body cells to be identified and destroyed.

A blood type: has A antigens
B blood type: B antigens
AB Blood type: AB antigens
O blood type: lacks antigens that could trigger an immune response(universal donor)

If blood transufion has a different type of blood antigen(glycoprotein) than they receptient, the recpitents blood will reject the the blood transfusion and attack the red blood cell

they do not contain a lot of -OH bonds. Instead, they contain a lot of -CH bonds. This causes them to be nonpolar, and not very readily available to form hydrogen bonds with water.

3 fatty acids + glycerol, used for long-term energy storage

Composed of long hydrocarbon chains, waxes have a protective and coating function in live organisms as they are insoluble in water and form a waterproof protective coating.

Have a backbone of four carbon rings, steroids reduce the fluidity of the cell membrane

The hydroxyl groups of glycerol combine with the carboxyl groups of 3 fatty acids to form an ester bond

Formed by attachment two fatty acids + a phosphate group to a glycerol molecule

The hydroxyl groups of glycerol combine with the carboxyl groups of the fatty acids to form an ester linkage. The third oxygen on glycerol is bonded to phosphoric acid through a phosphate ester bond

Long chain of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with a COOH carboxyl group at the end

Saturated: single bonds in the carbon chain and are solid at room temperature, often from animal sources
Unsaturated mono: 1 doubled bond in the carbon chain, liquid at room temperature, and are often from plant sources.
Unsaturated poly: more than 1 double bond in the carbon chain, liquid at room temperature, and are often from plant sources.

Cis has hydrogen atoms on the same side of the C double bond and causes a kink in the chain, naturally occuring.

Trans has hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the C double bond, causes a straighter chain, not found in nature.

Triglycerides are excellent long-term energy storage molecules because they will not mix with water and break down.

store energy in the form of lipids

It does not transfer heat as well as other tissues and materials—such as muscle or skin, so it is good at insulating and trapping heat.

Hyrdophilic means "water loving,"
hydrophobic means "water fearing,"
amphipathic means having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic part

A phospholipid has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

They form bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. The hydrophilic phosphate heads can bond with water and position themselves on the outside, the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails do not bond with water so they face away from the water.

4 carbon rings
17 carbon atoms total in the rings
Hydrophobic

Because they are hydrophobic thus they can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer