1Approximately what percentage of body weight is water in men?
60%
2Approximately what percentage of body weight is water in women?
55%
3what causes the difference in water percentage between men and women?
fat content
4what did Charles darwin say about the origin of life?
life originated in a warm little pond
5what type of structure does water have?
Dipolar structure and bent structure( კუთხოვანი აგებულება)
6what is one property of water related to temperatur?
high boiling point
7what surface property of water is listed?
surface tension(ზედაპირული დაჭიმულობა)
8what type of bonds can water form?
hydrogen bonds
9how many hydrogen bonds can each molecule of water form?
4 per molecule of water
10what two roles can water have in hydrogen bonding?
H-bond donor and acceptor
11what does water's ability to act as an H-bond donor and acceptor allow?
the ability to solvate a wide range of organic and inorganic molecules. dipolar structure
12partial negative charge( δ–)
13why does oxygen have a partial negative charge?
it has high electron density ( ელექტრონების მაღალი სიმკვრივე, რაც ნოიშნავს რომ ის არის მაღალი ელექტროუარყოფითობის მქონე ელემენტი)
14what partial charge do hydrogen atoms have ?
partial positive charges (δ+)
15why are hydrogen atoms partially positive?
H atoms are electron deficient( კოვალენტურად უკავშირდებიან უფრო მაღალი ელექტროუარყოფითობის მქონე ატომებს
16what is an electrical dipole?
a molecule with electrical charge distributed asymmetrically about its structure, Hydrogen bonds
17what atoms can water H interact with to form a hydrogen bond?
oxygen or nitrogen atoms(აზოტის ატომები)
18how are hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules?
hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are attracted by the oxygen atoms of other water molecules
19what is required to break hydrogen bonds in water?
heating the water to 100 degreec Celsius
20what is cumulative effect of many hydrogen bonds equivalent to? ( რისი ტოლფასია მრავალი წყალბადური ბმის ჯამური ეფექტი)
the stabilizing effect of covalent bonds
21what is half-life of hydrogen bonds in water? ( რა არის წყალში წყალბადური ბმბების ნახევრადდაშლის პერიოდი)
a few picoseconds
22how much energy is required to rupture(გასაწყვეტად) a hydrogen bond in liquid water?
about 4.5 kcal/mol
23how does the energy required to repture a hydrogen bond compare with that required to repture a covalent O-H bond ?
it is less than 5% of the energy required to repture a covalent O-H bond.
24what is enables water to dissolve many organic biomolecules?
hydrogen bonding
25what types of biomolecules can be dissolved by water through hydrogen bonding?
organic biomolecules containing(შეიცავს) functional groups that can be participate in hydrogen bonding.
26what do oxygen atoms of aldehydes, ketones and amides provide?
lone pairs of electrons that can serve as hydrogen acceptors
27what part of water attracts(იზიდავს) cations?
the oxygen atom
28what part of water attracts anions
the hydrogen atoms
29what type of interactions are formed between ions and water?
ion-dipole interactions
30what do ion-dipole interactions keep in solution?
the components of soluble salts
31what example of a soluble salt is given?
sodium (Na) chloride (table salt)
32what percentage of body water is in plasma ?
only 8%
33approximately(დაახლოებით) what percentage(პროცენტი) of water is in intercellular fluid (ICF)?
66%
34approximately(დაახლოებით) what percentage(პროცენტი) of water is in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
33%
35what inorganic cations are mentioned in body fluids?
sodium(Na) and potassium(K)
36what inorganic anions are mentioned in body fluids?
chloride and phosphate
37what is ionic composition of extracellular fluid similar to?
seawater
38under normal circumstances (გარემოებები), what happens to water taken into and lost from the body?
the amounts are equal over a period of time
39approximately how much water is filtered by the kidneys every 24 hours?
about 170 L
40what happens to almost all of the water filtered by the kidneys ?
almost all is reabsorbed
41what is minimum volume of urine (შარდი) necessary for normal excretion of waste products in adults?
about 500 mL/24h
42diet and oxydative metabolism (ჟანგვითი მეტაბოლიზმი)
43kidneys, skin, lungs, and gut (ნაწლავი)
44Amphipathic (or amphiphilic) molecules are chemical compounds that possess both hydrophilic (water-attracting / polar) and hydrophobic (water-repelling / nonpolar) regions within the same structure.
45give examples of amphiphilic molecules listed in the prsentation
phospholipids. fatty acids, cholesterol, and glycolicids
46what is the tendency described as a hydrophobic interaction?
the tendency of non polar compounds to self-associate in an aqueous environment
47what do nonpolar molecules from in an aqueous environment?
droplets
48what do non polar molecules from droplets(წვეთები)?
to minimize exposed surface area and minimize contact with water
49what are salt bridges ?
electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged groups within or between biomolecules
50how do salt bridges compare with hydrogen bonds?
they are comparable in strength to hydrogen bonds but act over larger distances
51what is pH scale based on?
the concentration of H ions
52what is pH of pure water?
7
53what pH indicate in acidic solution?
less then 7
54what pH indicates a basic solution?
more then 7
55what does pH mean?
pH stands for "potential of Hydrogen." It measures how acidic or basic (alkaline) a water-based solution is on a scale from 0 to 14.
56what happens to H+ concentration when pH is low?
H+ concentration is high
57what happens to H+ concentration when pH is high?
H+ concentration is low