1Ch4: What is a circadian rhythm?
A regular fluctuation from high to low points of bodily functions and behaviors within a 24-hour cycle
2Ch4: Which structure is the body's biological clock and signals the pineal gland to release melatonin?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
3Ch4: Which sleep theory says sleep evolved to keep humans safe from predators at night?
Circadian (evolutionary) theory of sleep
4Ch4: Which sleep theory says sleep restores and repairs the body and mind and consolidates memory?
Restorative theory of sleep
5Ch4: What happens to the body and brain during REM sleep?
Large muscles are paralyzed while brain activity increases and the most vivid dreams occur
6Ch4: How many sleep cycles happen in a typical night and how long is each?
About five cycles of about 90 minutes each with REM periods getting longer in later cycles
7Ch4: What did research find about sleep deprivation during verbal learning tasks?
Decreased activity in the temporal lobes and increased activity in the prefrontal cortex
8Ch4: What parasomnia involves waking panicked with a racing heart during partial arousal from Stage 4 sleep?
Sleep terror
9Ch4: What sleep disorder involves breathing repeatedly stopping during sleep with loud snoring?
Sleep apnea
10Ch4: Which dream theory says dreams are the brain making sense of random neural firing during REM?
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
11Ch4: According to Freud what is the storyline of a dream as you remember it?
Manifest content
12Ch4: Needing larger doses for the same high plus withdrawal symptoms is called what?
Physical dependence
13Ch4: Cocaine produces euphoria by stimulating reward pathways that use which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
14Ch4: What do hallucinogens do to the mood the user had when taking the drug?
They magnify it
15Ch4: Marijuana affects memory because many THC receptors are in which brain structure?
Hippocampus
16Ch5: What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge or capability or attitude
17Ch5: In Pavlov's experiment what was the tone after conditioning?
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
18Ch5: When an extinguished response reappears in weaker form after a rest period it is called what?
Spontaneous recovery
19Ch5: Responding to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called what?
Generalization
20Ch5: What was the unconditioned stimulus in the Little Albert experiment?
The loud frightening noise
21Ch5: Why was Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion study an exception to classical conditioning?
The association formed even though nausea came hours after drinking the flavored water
22Ch5: Buckling your seatbelt more to stop an annoying buzzer is an example of what?
Negative reinforcement
23Ch5: Taking a teen's phone away so they break curfew less is an example of what?
Negative punishment
24Ch5: Money is what type of reinforcer?
Secondary reinforcer
25Ch5: What is the main disadvantage of punishment?
It only suppresses behavior while the punisher is present and can cause fear and anger and aggression
26Ch5: Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest response rate and most resistance to extinction?
Variable-ratio
27Ch5: Giving up trying to escape after repeated inescapable unpleasant events is called what?
Learned helplessness
28Ch5: What did Tolman's maze rats demonstrate?
Latent learning and the formation of a cognitive map
29Ch5: What are Bandura's four processes of observational learning?
Attention and retention and reproduction and reinforcement
30Ch5: In Bandura's Bobo doll follow-up study which condition produced the most aggression?
Humans on film acting aggressively
31Ch6: What is the physiological change that allows encoded information to be stored?
Consolidation
32Ch6: What did Sperling's cued-row letter experiment show about sensory memory?
It takes in a large amount of information but holds it only very briefly
33Ch6: What is the capacity and duration of short-term memory without rehearsal?
About 7 plus or minus 2 items for less than 30 seconds
34Ch6: When a full short-term memory has new items pushing out old ones it is called what?
Displacement
35Ch6: Grouping letters like N-F-L C-B-S U-S-A into meaningful units is called what?
Chunking
36Ch6: Relating new information to something you already know is called what?
Elaborative rehearsal
37Ch6: Knowing how to ride a bike without being able to explain the steps is what type of memory?
Nondeclarative memory
38Ch6: A multiple-choice question measures retention through what method?
Recognition
39Ch6: Remembering the first and last items of a list best is called what?
Serial position effect
40Ch6: Calling your new partner by your ex's name is an example of what?
Proactive interference
41Ch6: Forgetting to deposit your paycheck like you planned is an example of what?
Prospective forgetting
42Ch6: What did Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting show?
Most forgetting happens quickly and then tapers off
43Ch6: H.M. could not form new long-term declarative memories after surgery. What type of amnesia is this?
Anterograde amnesia
44Ch6: When a leading question adds false details to a witness's memory it is called what?
Misinformation effect
45Ch6: Why can't most adults recall events from their first few years of life?
The hippocampus is not fully developed yet (infantile amnesia)