1What are amniotes named after? What are the 4 membranes that protect the embryo?
Amniotic eggs, Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, Allantois
2Shelled amniotic eggs were a key adaptation enabling what?
Life away from large bodies of water.
3Describe the function of egg shells:
The shell protects vascular membranes, and provides better gas exchange which results in bigger offspring.
4Describe Amniotes skin/scales
Thick keratinized skin, skin phospholipids are all resistant to desiccation, allows them to travel far from water, scales are derived from epidermis.
5What is the function of Amniote kidney:
Good at conserving water, Ammonia is converted to urea or uric acid in the liver, then filtered, stored, and eliminated.
6Many amniotes have a ____ intreventricular ____ in addition to the complete ____ septum.
Complete, Septum, Interatrial.
7____ and ____ circuits are separate.
Pulmonary, Systemic
8Describe Amniote lungs?
Complex lungs with more surface area, air is drawn into lungs by rib expansion.
9What were the 2 major groups given rise by early amniotes?
Synapsids and Diapsids
10What are reptile scales made of? What do they protect from?
Keratin, Abrasion and Desiccation.
11Most reptiles are ____, absorbing ____ heat as a primary source. Reptiles generally regulate their ____ temperature ____.
Ectothermic, external, body, behaviorally.
12Birds are ____, capable of maintaining body ____ through metabolism.
Endothermic, temperature.
13What are the 2 major lineages of reptiles that remain today?
Lepidosaurs, Archosaurs
14What animals are apart of the extant reptiles?
Crocodillians, birds, tuataras, lizards, snakes.
15What major lineage are tuataras, lizards and snakes apart of?
Lepidosaurs
16What major lineage are crocodilians and birds apart of?
Archosaurs
17Describe the Lepidosaur heart:
Has 3 main chambers, 2 atria (L and R) and a single ventricle that is partially subdivided.
18Describe the Archosaur heart:
Has 4 main chambers, 2 atria and 2 ventricles (due to a complete septum/wall).
19Name all the Orders under Class Sarcopterygii for Nonavian Reptiles:
Order Rhynchocephalia and Squamata,
20What is special about Order Rhynchocephalia?
The lepidosaur lineage is represented by just 2 species called tuataras.
21Describe Monitor lizard taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Autarchoglossa, Family Varanidae
22Describe Skink taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Autarchoglossa, Family Scincidae
23Describe Anolis taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Iguania, Family Dactyloidae
24Describe Iguanas, Fence lizard taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Iguania, Family Iguanidae
25Describe Horned lizards taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Iguania, Family Phrynosomatidae
26Describe Chameleon taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Iguania, Family Chamaeleonidae
27Describe Amphisbaenians ("worm lizards") taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Amphisbaenia
28What are distinguishing features that differentiate snakes from lizards?
Snakes lack external ear openings, snakes lack moveable eyelids, snakes have movable joints in the skull, tips of mandibles connect by highly elastic ligaments, bones in roof of buccal cavity are moveable, Trachea is protrusible.
29Describe Boa taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes boas.
30Describe Python taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes, Family Pythonidae
31Describe smooth green snake, ringneck snake taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes, Family Colubridae
32Describe Cobras, Sea snakes, Coral snakes taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes, Family Elapidae
33Describe Old world vipers, Pitvipers taxonomy:
Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes, Family Viperidae
34What Order are box shell turtles from?
Order Testudines.
35Describe the "turtle shell"
Box like shell, upper shield composed of fused ribs, vertebrae, and dermal bones.
36Describe Box turtle and pond turtle taxonomy:
Order Testudines, Family Emydidae
37Describe Softshell turtle taxonomy:
Order Testudines, Family Trionychidae
38Describe Sea turtles taxonomy:
Order Testudines, Family Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae
39Describe Common snapping turtle taxonomy:
Order Testudines, Family Chelydridae
40Describe Gopher tortoise taxonomy:
Order Testudines, Family Testudinidae
41Name a scientific name of Order Crocodilia and Family Alligatoridae...
Alligator mississippiensis
42Taxonomy of American Crocodile and Saltwater Crocodile:
Order Crocodilia, Family Crocodylidae
43Taxonomy of Gavial/Gharial:
Order Crocodilia, Family Gavialidae
44What is TSD?
Temperature-dependent sex determination
45How is sex determined in reptiles sometimes?
Incubation temperature