1What will the body do to a lipophilic xenobiotic in the body?
Undergo biotransformation and turn the xenobiotic into a hydrophilic compound so it favors excretion.
2What are the properties of a plasma membrane?
The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophobic lipids and hydrophilic proteins.
3What are the intermolecular forces?
Dispersion, Dipole Dipole, Hydrogen.
4What is simple diffusion?
Nonpolar compounds down concentration gradient.
5What is facillitated diffusion?
Compounds down electrochemical gradient.
6What is primary active transport?
Compound against electrochemical gradient driven by ATP.
7What is secondary active transport?
Against electrochemical gradient, driven by ion moving down its gradient.
8What is Ion channel?
Down electrochemical gradient; May be gated by a ligand or ion.
9What does ionization do to a compound?
It makes a compound more soluble in a polar solvent.
10Explain pKa values...
Higher pKa means weak acid and low means strong acid.
11Describe an acid in terms of protons and electrons...
Donates protons and accepts electrons.
12What is the first pass effect?
When a drug concentration is metabolized in a specific area before reaching circulation or site of action.
13What relationship do polar and nonpolar molecules have with water?
Polar molecules are hydrophilic, nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic.
14How does surface area help absorption?
An large surface area allows for a greater volume of food intake and more efficient absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
15What is the larynx and what does it do for the body?
A hollow tube in the middle of your neck that protects your airways from foreign material.
16What is the stratum corneum? Function? Made of?
The skins outermost layer, barrier that prevents unwanted material from entering body. Keratin and lipids.
17What does VD mean?
The amount of dosage that will stay in you bloodstream, and how lipid soluble something is.
18What does a high VD value mean?
The substance is very lipid soluble.
19What are the requirements for a molecule to be good at crossing a membrane barrier?
Small, uncharged and hydrophobic.
20What is hydrolysis?
Adding water to a larger molecule to break it apart into 2 smaller molecules.
21What does a KoW value under 1 mean?
Water soluble
22What does a KoW value over 1 mean?
Lipid soluble
23What is a oxidation reaction?
A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electron, gain of oxygen.
24What is reduction reaction?
A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electron, loss of oxygen.
25What is bilurubin? Why is it dangerous in high dosage?
Waste created from the breakdown or catabolism of old red blood cells through the liver. Toxic endogenous substance.
26What is Glucuronidation? What phase is it apart of?
A natural detoxification process that your body does to get rid of toxic substances. Phase 2.
27What does phase 2 metabolism do? (Conjugate reaction)
Adding hydrophilic or endogenous groups to the molecule to favor excretion.
28What does phase 1 metabolism do?
Phase I metabolism consists of reduction, oxidation, or hydrolysis reactions.
29What is the Kow value? What does a low or high value mean?
Equilibrium constant for water. Low value means high hydrophilicity and high means low affinity for water.